College Football vs Nfl Essay

Many compare the National Football League (NFL) with college football but the two are not extremely similar and should never be compared. Yes, besides a few minor rule changes the NFL and college football are the same game; but there is much more to football then the rules. College football is better than the NFL for a wide variety of reasons. First, there exists more passion in college football all around the sport. Passion cannot be measured in anyway but can be observed and understood by the fans, coaches, and sports community. Players care more about the game and less about money, while the fans have great passion for the university they attend or attended. The lack of an influence money has on the game is admirable. Also, tradition is so vast in college football a game day experience cannot be compared with those of the NFL. The special rivalry games and in stadium events makes college football great. Rivalries, passion, playing rules, and timing are few of the reasons why college football is better than the NFL. Along with great activities like tailgating, the wonderful scheduling, the entertainment, and the comeback friendly rules college football has the best case for why it is levels above the NFL. Passion is sought after in all sports, and is the most apparent in college athletics. Money determines everything in pro football and the large impact it has is just too obvious. The same cannot be said for college football. The great passion and emotion seen in players and coaches, and their loyalty to their team helps make college football a lovable game. The football team at a university represents the town, the state, and what the community stands for. College football players are said to be passionate, play hard, hard workers, and fearless. NFL players are most known for complaining and not wanting to be hit hard. There is passion in every play and intensity like no other in college football. It is just a drag watching the NFL because most of the time there is no passion, it’s just guys playing for that next paycheck (Fisher).The fact that the student athletes play for opportunity and the love of the game is invigorating to all sport fans. College football has been said t o be more pure of a game. This means they play for the chance to make the league, and are about the game. Another reason passion is more reflected in college football is the lack of salary related hold outs. This refers to the many major star athletes who have large contract disputes and skip on camp and all team activities until they are paid more money. Players risk team success for selfish personal reasons. Prime examples of a player negatively affecting a team with a hold out are Albert Haynesworth, Terrell Owens, Michael Crabtree, Maurice Jones-Drew, Chris Johnson, and many more. These players put personal motives over team goals; it is inferred that the star athletes prefer money over team success. There has never been one single hold out in college football. Historically players in contract years have shown just a little more effort to ensure they make a few extra dollars when their pay days come around (Eliesen). Stats go up and so does the amount of work put in. This shows that players give more effort when money is on the line. The impact money has on the NFL makes college football that much better. Another issue with the money influence of the NFL is players will switch teams for more money, wins, or a bigger market. Not just some players, all players. In college you can transfer for academic or personal reasons but there are consequences. In 2010-11, 6.4 percent of Division I student-athletes transferred from one four-year school to another four-year school. Included in that figure are 969 football student-athletes. All of those student-athletes were required to sit out a year of competition (NCAA). In the NFL it is expected that a player would turn their back on their team and city for more money or a better personal opportunity. In college it is discouraged, frowned upon, and penalized against. The players passion for the game, loyalty to their teams, and absents of holdouts and other money related issues are the start of a long list of reasons why college football is better than the NFL. The passion shows the college players are about the game, not the money. The tradition of college football is unlike that of any sport. The significance of it is immeasurable. To start college football has outstanding rivalry games. They are better than the NFL rivalry games simply because they have existed longer, are closer games, in a larger variety, and the fans and schools hate each other more. Classic examples include Army versus Navy, the iron bowl, Ohio State versus Michigan, USC versus Notre Dame, Miami versus FSU, The red river rivalry, the civil war, the dual in the dessert, the world’s largest cocktail party, LSU versus Alabama, and several others. Compare that with Dallas against Washington; the best rivalry in the NFL. Not a comparison. Every team in college football has a rival. Iowa State has Kansas State. Indiana has Illinois. Baylor has Texas Tech. Cincinnati has Louisville. It’s not what you think of when you think Auburn/Alabama, Ohio State/Michigan and Texas/Oklahoma, but even the lesser-known powers have rivals that riles up the fan bases. The NFL? I challenge you to name the Carolina Panthers’ top rival (Wilson).The atmosphere surrounding the towns and the great rivalry games out perform the NFL’s weak rivalry match ups. Next, fans have more to route for in college. The fact that the students and alumni get to support the place they graduated from cannot be matched. For NFL fans most of them root for the city’s team you were born in. For college football fans the team you cheer for could be across the nation because you had a family member go there or your family has always cheered for them. For college football fans it doesn’t matter what city you live in (Fisher). Good examples of great tradition are Oregon’s uniforms, dotting the I in Ohio, Chief Osceola, war eagle, Howards rock, the dog UGA, and the play like a champion today sign in South Bend. Literally, 100 more traditions could be named. Traditions such as those just don’t exist in the NFL. There isn’t the same level of tradition in the pro game (Killoren). Stadiums, fight songs, bands, and the college campus on game day, pep rallies, are all things that are just not seen in professional football. The tradition in college football is evident and changes the game completely. Most importantly the strong and vast group of rivalry games in college makes the NFL division games appear as friendly competition. A main reason why college football is better than the NFL is because in college the timing in all around better. By the timing, I mean the rules that influence the time and the scheduling. College football starts a week earlier which means over 120 division one college games have been played before the NFL starts. College football has more games in general and starts off football season right. Next, is Saturdays are better for watching and playing football than Sundays. Nobody wants to go to work the day after a crazy game. People need Sunday to relax after a crazy tailgating and game experience. To me, there’s nothing better than going to bed on Friday night knowing that you have nothing to do on Saturday except watch college football. Even if you find a few hours to watch your favorite NFL team, you still have it hanging over your head that it’s back to work in the morning. That feeling always tends to take the wind out of my sails (FanNation). Who wants to be out late on a Sunday night at a prime time game? How about Saturday? There is a big difference between the two. During bowl season we get to see 35 prestigious match ups of team with winning records in solid football games over a 23 day period. Right over the holidays when everyone has school and work off there is football on every day. This is set up nicely for viewers. Seniors get a last chance to represent themselves and their school in the bowl game that they have worked so hard to earn. Lastly, college has comeback friendly rules that the NFL do not have. Stopping of the clock on a first down, one foot in bounds for a catch, chains must be set before clock starts, and clock stopping all game when you get out of bounds keep college games entertaining and help you see more action. According to a Wall Street Journal study of four games from week 16, the average NFL game features just 10 minutes 43 seconds of action (Chase). The comebacks that have determined champions and the outcome of high profile games are because of the comeback friendly rule book of college football. College football is more entertaining than the NFL for many reasons but bowl season, the comeback friendly rules, Saturdays over Sundays, and the extra week of football are just some vital examples. The pregame activities, tailgating, the more logical football rules such as overtime standards, and ESPNs outstanding coverage give college an extra edge on professional football. College game day travels to the biggest game of the week and perform a 3 hour special on campus live in front of an audience with different guest stars, storylines, and gimmicks each week. Hands down NFL Countdown can’t compete with College Gameday (Fisher). Also, college goal line which updates all the score nationwide is very popular around the country. In college football the sport is played the right way. If a player hits the ground he is down, in the NFL he can get back up and run if not touched. This leads to many missed calls and slows down play. The overtime rules are better in college because you can’t tie. Yes, in the NFL there is the terrible possibility of a tie. Also, each time gets a chance and the better team is awarded the victory. In the NFL it’s more about the coin flip than the play. Parties on campus, pep rallies, and fun halftime events like the famous Dr. Pepper challenge are great add ons to college football. The college life sparks parties and pep rallies. Some schools even cancel classes the day before a big game. Students camp out to get tickets and great scenes like that are noticed all around the country. The weekend gives students a break. What more would students want to do than party and route on their schools football team. Lastly, tailgating is bigger in college football. Fans have all of the next day to relax so they enjoy their tailgating. Only 30 percent of the tailgaters actually make it inside the stadium. People do not tailgate a week before for an NFL game. College students start tailgating that Sunday or Monday after that last game they just went too (Fisher). College fans take tailgating very serious and make a 3 hour game into a week event in which they can relax, watch football, eat good food, and reunite with friends and family. The activities around college football separate it from the old boring games on Sunday. College football has passion, traditions, entertainment, and an incredible environment that the NFL lacks. These reasons were choose from a list of 200 reasons college football is better. Upsets, unpredictability, cheer leaders, the Heisman, coaching dynasties, the spread offense, uniforms, new programs, and other reason were not even discussed because college football has such a huge variety of great attributes. This makes college football more appealing to the fans and viewers. Understand that all these reasons build on the case of why college football beats the NFL. Yes, the players are less talented when they are younger. It should have been made clear that the game is about more than this though. The college players do not only care about money. Love of the game, the tradition, the entertainment, and the rules are a few of the prominent reasons college football is better. However, Most of these reasons cannot be based of scientific facts or stats. The reasons listed are based on what is the best game to watch and support. A personal opinion and judgment is what makes this argument worth demonstrating. It cannot be proven through facts and data but there are numerous reasons that help show the point that is trying to be made. All the evidence is there and all that is left to do is choose what reasons makes college football better than the NFL. There are many to choose from.

Man Made Disaster Essay

Free and compulsory education to all children up to the age fourteen is constitutional commitment in India. The Parliament of India has recently passed Right to Education Act through which education has become fundamental right of all children of age group 6-14 year. The site – Education for All (EFA) in India presents up-to-date information regarding activities initiated in the field ofelementary education in India. It presents National Policy on Education (1986,NPE) & its Programme of Action (POA, 1994) as well as goals and objectives of Education for All in India. A separate section is devoted on to District Primary Education Programme(DPEP) in terms of its framework, planning methodology adopted in developing District Primary Education Plans. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), launched in 2001is the most recent initiatives of the Government of India, which presents its guidelines, planning methodology, data on elementary education created under District Information System for Education(DISE), list of districts covered, addresses of state implementation societies and outcome of the research studies conducted on schoolattendance, teachers absenteeism, out-of-school children, mid-day meal and many other aspects of elementary education in India. The site has got separate channel for Educational Management Information System (EMIS) and presents school, district and state report cards as well as elementary education in rural and urban India and DISE Flash Statistics and analysis of data in the form of Elementary Education in India: Progress towards UEE, Analytical Report for 2006-07 and previous years. In addition, district-specific information on key variables concerning all the aspects of universal elementary education (UEE) is also presented. The site presents recent activities towards Rastriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) which is the most recent initiative of Government of India to achieve the goal of universalisation of secondary education (USE). It has got separate channel for educational statistics and presents Selected Educational Statistics brought out by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) for different years. In addition, the site also presents state and district-wise population(male, female & total, sex ratio, child sex ratio (o-6 year), density of population, population by religions, workers and non-workers and other such variables) and literacy rates (male, female & total, rural and urban areas and scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) based on 2001 Census. It also presents book reviews, educational links, UNESCO-UIS software for educational planners and many important documents such as common school system, modules on district educational planning and projections and forecasting of population, enrolment and teachers all which are important for those interested in educational planning and administration. It has got a separate channel on educational planning covering training at district (DIET), block, cluster and national level.

Introduction to Marketing and Creative Product Promotion

Introduction to Marketing and Creative Product Promotion NME The New Musical Express also known as the NME is a popular music publication in the United Kingdom. NME has published weekly since March 1952. It started as a music newspaper, and gradually moved toward a magazine during the 1980s. Market PenetrationMarket Penetration that NME has done is created a magazine yearly subscription this is market penetration because the product is not being changed its just offering a new way of being able to purchase the product. It still appeals to the same market and people who read and by the magazine. Product DevelopmentOne way that NME has developed its products are to host stages at festivals, with bands that they support. They advertise their products through this stage and at Reading and Leeds festival these having become well known stages. | Market DevelopmentA type of market development that NME has done is creating NME. com, a website which holds the same content as the magazine but appeals to people who use the internet a lot rather than buying a magazine. | Diversification One way that NME has used diversification is by sponsoring a UK tour known as the NME Tour.These tours appeal to different people and it is a completely new product. | Existing Products New Products Survival Strategies NME stays on top of the market by without fail having a weekly edition to the magazine with new and exclusive information in the music scene. It gives updates on top flight bands, as well as looking at new and upcoming music artists which makes it different to many other magazines. The magazine also runs regular competitions to win tickets to music events, which appeals to the customers as it is a music magazine.NME also advertises a large amount and has its own radio station and TV programme, which they use to advertise their main products being the magazines and ticket sales. Relationship Marketing NME uses relationship marketing in a way by creating monthly subscriptions t o avid readers at a cheaper price. The weekly price of the magazine is ? 2. 20 however you can get a monthly subscription of the magazine for just ? 6. 50 a month which annually saves the customer 36%. This is a good saving and customers can be enticed to subscribe by the savings, also the longer you subscribe to the magazine the better savings you gain.Another way NME uses relationship marketing is by offering customers free CD’s and posters with the magazine this makes the customers feel as if they are getting more for their money and keeps them more happy as they are receiving more than they usually pay for when buying the magazine. Branding NME uses brand extension by creating one of magazine specials which cost more and include large amounts specific information these magazines appeal mostly to people how are interested in that certain topic.NME uses brand positioning because it is the only magazine that looks at up and coming bands instead of just well known artists, it is also mainly focused on the alternative genre of music. NME builds their brand by having events such as the NME awards this gains a large amount of publicity and helps NME gain customers and also informs the public about the music that they report on. Wilkinson Wilkinson is a British high street discount chain with over 300 stores, selling primarily home wares and household goods.Founded in 1930 Wilkinson Cash Stores by James Kemsey Wilkinson, the company has remained largely in the hands of the founding family since. Market PenetrationAn example of Wilkinson’s Market penetration is that in the 1950s there was a rise in the use of labour saving devices and DIY. Wilkinson responded by making this type of product the focus of its sales. They did this by ensuring that their products were a lot cheaper than the rest of the market. | Product DevelopmentOne way that Wilkinson has developed its products are In the 1960s customers wanted more convenience shopping.Wilkinson started selling groceries and supermarket goods and created the Wilko brand. In the 1980s Wilkinson extended its range of low-cost products to include quality clothing, toys, toiletries and perfumes. | Market DevelopmentA way that Wilkinson have developed there market is in 1995 it opened a central distribution centre in Worksop, serving stores in the north of England and in 2004, a new distribution centre opened in Wales. This is because they are creating new markets by opening more stores across the UK. | Diversification In 2005 Wilkinson launched its Internet shopping service, offering over 800,000 product lines for sale online.It created new products to sell online which will appeal to a different market. | Existing Products New Products Relationship Marketing Wilkinson wanted to satisfy customers with their needs met by the Wilkinson range of products. A marketing campaign was launched which focused on a range of promotional tactics, designed to appeal to university students. Wilkinso n attended fresher’s fairs and gave out free goody bags with sample products directly to students. Direct mail flyers were sent to homes and student halls prior to students arriving.Advertisements with a fun theme for example, an advert showing frying pans as tennis racquets, offering discounts of 15% with first purchase using the online store. They were given gift vouchers and free wall planners. The challenge was to get students into Wilkinson stores. The opportunity was to capture a new customer group at an early stage and provide essential items all year round. This would lead to a committed customer group and secure business. Survival Strategies Wilkinson attempts to stay on top of its market by always having the cheapest products which maintain a good quality for the cost they are.Their main competitors are places such as Poundland however these shops are 99p stores therefore Wilkinson has the edge over these shops as it is deemed as better quality products because they are more expensive however still cheaper than majority of stores. They also now offer home delivery and online shopping compared to smaller competitors none of them do this, so they are also providing better service than other stores. They regularly hold offers for customers making the shop even more appealing using BOGOF and half price techniques to draw in customers. BrandingWilkinson use their own brands to appeal to customers these are more cheaper products and they create a range of different products such as dinnerware to towels. They call these products Wilkinson Premium Ranges which make them seem like they are a cheap alternative to other places and the name premium makes them seem that they are at a higher quality. Wilkinson stores are of an average quality and serve the purpose in which they need to, products are on display in store for customers to use and the store are set out into sections being food, home ware, health and beauty and children’s toys.

Film Journal about the movie called Thelma & Louise Review

Film Journal about the called Thelma & Louise - Movie Review Example This causes the two women to go on the run as they are chased by the police. In the process, Thelma grows into her own strength and independence as a woman while Louise learns to depend a little on someone else. However, in the end, they chose to drive into the Grand Canyon instead of trying to shoot their way through a police blockade or be arrested. An important scene that shows the women’s growth occurs when the two women are pulled over in the New Mexico desert by a single police officer who asks Louise to get in his car. The scene begins with Louise firmly in charge as the driver of the car and the two women are driving along in relative silence. All that is heard is the sound of the car engine. Then a police siren slowly starts to crescendo until Louise looks in the rearview mirror and notices they are being pulled over. Although both women panic a bit, Louise makes the reasoned decision to go ahead and pull over and follows the officer’s instructions on the chance that he is unaware that they are wanted criminals. Throughout the scene, Louise is seen to move from a strongly assertive role to one in which she is completely passive and finally to becoming a partner in Thelma’s plan. In contrast, Thelma starts the scene is her common passive position as passenger in Louise’s car. When they are pulled over, she is still in passive mode, attempting to flirt with the police officer as a means of perhaps buttering him up or getting out of the ticket. Thelma goes out of frame as Louise and the officer go back to his car, but then appears relatively quickly in his driver’s side window with a gun, taking a suddenly very active role in the action. From this point forward in the scene, she takes an aggressive role, first ordering Louise around and taking decisive steps to secure their escape. When the two women jump back in

Globalization and Local Cultures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization and Local Cultures - Research Paper Example Globalization has led to loss of cultural identity in the traditional society. Globalization has considerably threatened the local heritage because of westernization. The detached cultures are under threat in the contemporary society because of emerging issues of modernization. This is because modernization has fostered the decline of costs. The declining costs alter the experience of societies into a greater incorporation of varied cultural values. For instance, the information flow, increased advancement in technology and reduced communication cost has contributed to a global community. Wilson (2006) argues that the identity developed through the interaction process has become problematic because of ethnicity. The identity constructed in most cases to those people who travel beyond borders or interact through digital technologies contributes to conflicting issues among diverse cultures. The language expansion generates interaction plethora among varied nations in terms of variation s in policymaking, and it manipulates cultural identity.Globalization threatens the feasibility of locally manufactured products. The increased advancement in technology has contributed to cheap labor and high production of commodities that are competitive in the global market. This has threatened the locally manufactured products because globalization offers a welcoming entrance for many customers to access easily products that customers could not otherwise have. For instance, the new foreign products in the market are sold at cheaper prices.

Successes, Failures and Politicization of Aid in Somalia 1991-2012 Dissertation

Successes, Failures and Politicization of Aid in Somalia 1991-2012 - Dissertation Example Due to the politics involved, the response to the needs of the people was very much delayed. Limited public interest in the crisis also led to issues in the distribution of aid. There has been much politicking in the UN agencies on the distribution of aid in Somalia (Hilhorst and Jansen, 2010). The UN processes were also ineffective as they were more process focused, not results focused. The strong competition with the NGOs also made things complicated. Risk adversity also became the principle of the humanitarian agencies. A contributing issue is accountability, where donors held the organizations responsible for what they did, and not carrying out sufficient crisis response measures for this issue (Warsame, 2012). The intense media scrutiny also presented problems and the aid agencies were delayed in their aid. Institutional interests were also given more importance than beneficiaries. The release of aid is still an industry; as proof small organizations which used to engage in aid are not multinational organizations with vast influence and budgets (Wiles, et.al., 2004). Through such changes, the need to protect the reputation of the company seems to take more importance. With the professionalization of the aid industry, the people manning such activities have also become professionalized. Careers have now been borne from such industry and the hiring of experienced personnel has become more important (Wiles, et.al., 2004). In some instances, lack of accountability was observed. With the gaps in the integrity of the system, the lack of soul-searching in the humanitarian community following the Somalia famine was unexpected. This may have been credited to the shortcomings in the system, alongside limited public and media interests which allowed the humanitarian community to persist with limited considerations made on their impact on Somalia (Wiles, et.al., 2004). A semblance of success in securing humanitarian aid in Somalia can be attributed to support gained f rom the civil society. However, even as civil society has a significant role to play in supporting unarmed civilians, civil society often suffers from limited support (IRIN News, 2009). In a 2009 appeal made by concerned civilian agencies seeking humanitarian aid in Somalia, their appeal amounted to $919 million, indicating increasing needs with allocations also requested for air transportation. The limits of the aid are based on the capacity and resources of the international community and there is a need to secure a partnership to fill in the gaps (IRIN News, 2009). The civil society has already paid significantly for their assistance to the poor. Access to south-central Somalia where the humanitarian needs are significant, much conflict has been seen especially with the abduction of aid workers (IRIN News, 2009). The security situation has not improved much for aid workers in the country. Two major NGOs have temporarily suspended their operations in the country and aid agencies h ave also been conflicted with the problem of piracy (IRIN News, 2009). Most times, humanitarian access has become unpredictable, and despite such issue, successful aid groups have still responded to the crisis. These agencies have understood that their responsibility to

Civil Rights in Canada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Civil Rights in Canada - Research Paper Example Ensuring civil rights for all, therefore, has acquired a more complex and vivid character, which presents new challenges to the Canadian lawmakers. From time to time issues are raised by minority communities, which have a tendency to stick together due to their religious backgrounds and countries of origin. This presents new challenges to the government of Canada which it tries to address and settle as amicably as possible as and when they crop up. The ethnic diversity of Canada is stupendous as it is represented by almost all nationalities of the world with about 50% of the population being of non-Canadian origin (www12.statcan.ca). Canada was created through a statute of the British parliament in 1867 known as ‘The Constitution Act, 1867’ and it defined the division of powers between the federal and the provincial governments (polisci.nelson.com). It was almost a century later that amendments were made entirely by the Canadian government through ‘The Constitution Act’ of 1982 when there was no role played by the British Parliament. This Act also included a ‘Charter of Rights and Freedom’ meant for all original and naturalized Canadian citizens. This Charter laid the foundations for civil rights protection in Canada. It included important aspects such as a guarantee of rights and freedom, fundamental freedoms, democratic rights, mobility rights, legal rights and equal rights and defined the official languages of Canada, at the same time providing minority language educational rights (laws.justice.gc.ca). The rights to which Canadian citizens were entitled were initiated in a limited manner in the province of Saskatchewan in 1947 (polisci.nelson.com).

Analysis of Hayek's The Road to Serfdom Term Paper

Analysis of Hayek's The Road to Serfdom - Term Paper Example Ultimately, Hayek believes that these two states and others did not intend to go down this road to serfdom; however, he thinks, it is the natural result of a certain philosophy and a particular concept of freedom. These inconsistent ideas make possible the kind of unjust distribution and allocation of resources resulting in the tyrannical socialist state: where conflict is unstopping, economic principles are ignored, and suffering is taken to be the norm. Hayek intended the content and theories in this work not only to apply to the climate in which he wrote it but to the condition of societies as they exist decades and even centuries into the future. Hayek begins his work with a worry: that socialism and central planning is essentially a â€Å"road to serfdom† and that if one goes along this road, one will be traveling down the same road as the most brutal totalitarian states of the 20th century. Citing Hitler’s 1941 proclamation that â€Å"basically National Socialism and Marxism are the same†, Hayek begins his work with that basic theme. ... Using this thrust of the argument, Hayek analyzes the central planning aspect of many economies in the world. If societies might be better off using a spontaneous order, then what is the purpose of a central plan, Austrian economists might argue. The idea of spontaneous order is inherent in the â€Å"invisible hand† economic proposal in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nation; however, Hayek elaborates on the likelihood of acting on more complete information in the case of spontaneous order, whereas the centralized authority operates on a limited set of information, attempting to make decisions affecting the economy. Hayek’s second chapter deals with something he calls â€Å"The Great Utopia†, which is a reference to the socialist state that utilizes central planning. The most important part of this section is the argument that socialism and communism together are â€Å"an illusion† (Hayek 165). That is, they are merely the first step in a process that ul timately ends in fascism and tyranny. This is the lack of agreement on the ends but an agreement on the means.  Ã‚  

European economic integration results in European cultural Essay

European economic integration results in European cultural integration. Discuss - Essay Example However, there are those who suggest the cultural integration is more or less impossible since the differences between the countries which form the European Union are so vast that a cultural divide will always remain (Bruter, 2004). For example, the case of America can be presented where cultural divides still exist even when the economies of the American states are more or less perfectly integrated and the language is also the same. Despite these similarities, there are significant differences between urban and rural American cultures as well as the several subcultures living in the country. It seems that cultural and economic integration in Europe are certainly related since the EU considers the sharing of cultural values to be something that is supposed to produce better Europeans (EC, 2006). However, to say that economic cooperation would produce better cultural integration might be a little pessimistic since this statement also suggests that better cultural integration might not be as fast without having economic cooperation first (Erdogan, 2006). Secondly, it can also be said that the present natural level of cultural homogeneity might be good enough since if the Europeans totally integrate their cultures from Dusseldorf to Birmingham, the continent would certainly lose a lot of its charm (Gordon, 2004). There are also examples of situations where economic integration does not help cultural integration and in severe cases, economic integration might be seen as a negative force of globalisation which causes a backlash against the European ideal (Gordon, 2004). In Turkey for example, economic integration and strong economic connections had been established for years, yet complete integration is still far off. The Economist (2005) reported that there were significant differences and opposition levels to Turkey in Europe and to Europe in Turkey. The differences are based not only on legal

Conveyance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Conveyance - Essay Example Normally the contract is conditional upon matters such as the sellers being able, before completion of the transaction, to prove that they have good title to the property and to exhibit clear searches from the property registers and the local authority. The system of conveyancing is designed to ensure that the buyer gets the land together with all the rights that go with it, i.e. title deed to the land and also by knowing about any restrictions in advance. A typical conveyancing transaction, whether a sale or purchase, contains two major 'landmarks', which are exchange of contracts and completion, plus the three stages: before contract, before completion and after completion. Under English law agreements are not legally binding until contracts are exchanged. This mainly involves a normal practice where the buyer negotiate an agreed price with the seller then organize a survey and have the solicitor (or conveyancer) carry out their searches and prepare the contract, which are signed by the parties. Similarly, deeds are done in writing and the signature of the party or parties making the deed must be witnessed. All conveyances, transfers, leases, mortgages and legal charges must be deeds. Thus, notwithstanding the growing use of electronic communication at all the other stages of a conveyancing transaction; the two key stages of making the contract and completion must be achieved by using paper documents. The process takes an average 10-12 weeks to get the deeds to the property, and during this period either party can pull out at any time. This gives rise to a risk of gazumping. The position in Scotland under Scots law is that the contract is generally con cluded at a much earlier stage, and the initial offer, once accepted by the seller, is legally binding. Bebchuk, Lucian A., and Mark J. Roe, (1999) In United States The conveyancing process in the U.S. varies from state to state depending on local legal requirements and historical practice. Edwin.T, Freedley (1858). In most situations, three attorneys will be involved in the process each representing the buyer, seller, and mortgage holder; frequently all three will sit around a table with the buyer and seller and literally "pass papers" to effect the transaction. (Some states do not require all parties to be present simultaneously.) In order to protect themselves from defects in the title, buyers will frequently purchase title insurance at this time, either for themselves or for their lender. In most states, a prospective buyer's offer to purchase is made in the form of a written contract and bound with a deposit on the purchase price. The offer will set out conditions (such as appraisal, title clearance, inspection, occupancy, and financing) under which the buyer may withdraw the offer without forfeiting the deposit. Once the conditions have be en met (or waived), the buyer has "equitable title" and conveyancing proceeds or may be compelled by court order. There may be other last-minute conditions to closing, such as "broom clean" premises, evictions, and repairs. Typical papers at conveyancing include: deed(s), certified checks, promissory note, mortgage, certificate of liens, pro rata property taxes, title insurance binder, and fire insurance binder. There may also be side agreements (e.g., holdover tenants, delivery contracts, payment

Journey to the West Essay Example for Free

Journey to the West Essay In The Journey to the West, Pilgrim and the woodcutter seem to be similar where they both feel that they have a purpose in life. However, their situations are different from one another. For instance, Pilgrim tries to better himself by seeking the immortals, as well as, gaining eternal youth. He is full of passion, desire, and excitement, which has lead him to have no worrisome thoughts. He has nothing holding him back from the tasks that he wishes to accomplish. Unlike the Pilgrim, the woodcutter continuously is concerned about his mother and how he is going to make enough money each day to take care of her. The immortals even taught the woodcutter a poem that would help him to calm down because of his worrisome feelings. Pilgrim is someone that follows his curiosity to find newer and bigger things, while the woodcutter is merely a slave to his obligations of making a decent living. Due to his obligations, the woodcutter does not have any dreams for his future, and even if he did, he would never dare follow them. Pilgrim only cares about himself and the benefits that he will receive due to his journey to find the immortals. The woodcutter is not as selfish or as motivated with what he wants to do with his life. Since the woodcutter was a child, he has taken on the responsibility of being an adult. Woodcutter approaches Pilgrim by saying, â€Å"when I was young, I was indebted to my parents’ nurture until I was eight or nine. As soon as I began to have some understanding of human affairs, my father unfortunately died, and my mother remained a widow. I had no brothers or sisters; so there was no alternative but for me alone to support and care for my mother. Now that my mother is growing old, all the more I dare not leave her† (Wu Cheng’en 433). Even after the woodcutter’s explanation, Pilgrim still asked him to come along on his journey with him to find the immortals. Pilgrim does not have any concern or regard about the woodcutter’s problems and his responsibility to take care of his mother. According to Pilgrim’s actions, he continues to prove his selfishness while the woodcutter dedicates his life to taking care of someone other than himself and proving his unselfish ways. Pilgrim is the type of individual that will jump at any opportunity that comes his way. He takes every chance that has any possible potential for him to improve. Consequently, the woodcutter has an immortal neighbor and has no desire to learn anything from him. If Pilgrim had that opportunity, he would be grateful and take advantage of such a connection. Pilgrim has to go on an arduous quest for what the woodcutter has in the palm of his hand. Overall the woodcutter does not think very highly of himself like Pilgrim does. Pilgrim calls him a â€Å"gentleman† and â€Å"honored brother,† while the woodcutter refers to himself as a â€Å"foolish fellow.† He lives a mundane life with no goals or ambitions. He is stuck in a rut, because of the duty to his mother to which he holds himself accountable. Pilgrim lives freely and open minded, unlike the woodcutter, but then again, Pilgrim has nothing restraining him.

Amy Tan Essay Example for Free

Amy Tan Essay Although the daughters know some Chinese words and the mothers speak some English, communication often becomes a matter of translation, of words whose intended meaning and accepted meaning are in fact quite separate, leading to subtle misunderstandings. †¢The first mention of this difficulty with translation occurs when Jing-mei relates the story of her mother’s founding of the Joy Luck Club. After attempting to explain the significance of the club’s name, Jing-mei recognizes that the concept is not something that can be translated. She points out that the daughters think their mothers are stupid because of their fractured English, while the mothers are impatient with their daughters who don’t understand the cultural nuances of their language and who do not intend to pass along their Chinese heritage to their own children. Throughout the book, characters bring up one Chinese concept after another, only to accept the frustrating fact that an understanding of Chinese culture is a prerequisite to understanding its meaning. †¢The Power of Storytelling Because the barriers between the Chinese and the American cultures are exacerbated by imperfect translation of language, the mothers use storytelling to circumvent these barriers and communicate with their daughters. The stories they tell are often educational, warning against certain mistakes or giving advice based on past successes. For instance, Ying-ying’s decision to tell Lena about her past is motivated by her desire to warn Lena against the pa ssivity and fatalism that Ying-ying suffered. Storytelling is also employed to communicate messages of love and pride, and to illumine one’s inner self for others. †¢Another use of storytelling concerns historical legacy. By telling their daughters about their family histories, the mothers ensure that their lives are remembered and understood by subsequent generations, so that the characters who acted in the story never die away completely. In telling their stories to their daughters, the mothers try to instill them with respect for their Chinese ancestors and their Chinese pasts. Suyuan hopes that by finding her long-lost daughters and telling them her story, she can assure them of her love, despite her apparent abandonment of them. When Jing-mei sets out to tell her half-sisters Suyuan’s story, she also has this goal in mind, as well as her own goal of letting the twins know who their mother was and what she was like. †¢Storytelling is also used as a way of controlling one’s own fate. In many ways, the original purpose of the Joy Luck Club was to create a place to exchange stories. Faced with pain and hardship, Suyuan decided to take control of the plot of her life. The Joy Luck Club did not simply serve as a distraction; it also enabled transformation—of community, of love and support, of circumstance. Stories work to encourage a certain sense of independence. They are a way of forging one’s own identity and gaining autonomy. Waverly understands this: while Lindo believes that her daughter’s crooked nose means that she is ill-fated, Waverly dismisses this passive interpretation and changes her identity and her fate by reinventing the story that is told about a crooked nose. †¢The Problem of Immigrant Identity At some point in the novel, each of the major characters expresses anxiety over her inability to reconcile her Chinese heritage with her American surroundings. Indeed, this reconciliation is the very aim of Jing-mei’s journey to China. While the daughters in the novel are genetically Chinese (except for Lena, who is half Chinese) and have been raised in mostly Chinese households, they also identify with and feel at home in modern American culture. Waverly, Rose, and Lena all have white boyfriends or husbands, and they regard many of their mothers’ customs and tastes as old-fashioned or even ridiculous. Most of them have spent their childhoods trying to escape their Chinese identities: Lena would walk around the house with her eyes opened as far as possible so as to make them look European. Jing-mei denied during adolescence that she had any internal Chinese aspects, insisting that her Chinese identity was limited only to her external features. Lindo meditates that Waverly would have clapped her hands for joy during her teen years if her mother had told her that she did not look Chinese. As they mature, the daughters begin to sense that their identities are incomplete and become interested in their Chinese heritage. Waverly speaks wishfully about blending in too well in China and becomes angry when Lindo notes that she will be recognized instantly as a tourist. One of Jing-mei’s greatest fears about her trip to China is not that others will recognize her as American, but that she herself will fail to recognize any Chinese elements within herself. †¢Of the four mothers, L indo expresses the most anxiety over her cultural identity. Having been spotted as a tourist during her recent trip to China, she wonders how America has changed her. She has always believed in her ability to shift between her true self and her public self, but she begins to wonder whether her â€Å"true† self is not, in fact, her American one. Even while a young girl in China, Lindo showed that she did not completely agree with Chinese custom. She agonized over how to extricate herself from a miserable marriage without dishonoring her parents’ promise to her husband’s family. While her concern for her parents shows that Lindo did not wish to openly rebel against her tradition, Lindo made a secret promise to herself to remain true to her own desires. This promise shows the value she places on autonomy and personal happiness—two qualities that Lindo associates with American culture. †¢Jing-mei’s experience in China at the end of the book certainly seems to support the possibility of a richly mixed identity rather than an identity of warring opposites. She comes to see that China itself contains American aspects, just as the part of America she grew up in—San Francisco’s Chinatown—containe †¢ Storytelling – Narrative Style, Symbolism, Figurative Language †¢She uses storytelling to in order for the different characters to understand each others struggles as well as the reader to understand the lives and emotions of both the mother and the daughters †¢The stories they tell are often educational, warning against certain mistakes or giving advice based on past successes. For instance, Ying-ying’s decision to tell Lena about her past is motivated by her desire to warn Lena against the passivity and fatalism that Ying-ying suffered. Storytelling is also employed to communicate messages of love and pride, and to illumine one’s inner self for others. †¢Another use of storytelling concerns historical legacy. By telling their daughters about their family histories, the mothers ensure that their lives are remembered and understood by subsequent generations, so that the characters who acted in the story never die away completely. In telling their stories to their daughters, the mothers try to instill them with respect for their Chinese ancestors and their Chinese pasts. Suyuan hopes that by finding her long-lost daughters and telling them her story, she can assure them of her love, despite her apparent abandonment of them. When Jing-mei sets out to tell her half-sisters Suyuan’s story, she also has this goal in mind, as well as her own goal of letting the twins know who their mother was and what she was like. †¢Storytelling is also used as a way of controlling one’s own fate. In many ways, the original purpose of the Joy Luck Club was to create a place to exchange stories. Faced with pain and hardship, Suyuan decided to take control of the plot of her life. The Joy Luck Club did not simply serve as a distraction; it also enabled transformation—of community, of love and support, of circumstance. Stories work to encourage a certain sense of independence. They are a way of forging one’s own identity and gaining autonomy. Waverly understands this: while Lindo believes that her daughter’s crooked nose means that she is ill-fated, Waverly dismisses this passive interpretation and changes her identity and her fate by reinventing the story that is told about a crooked nose. †¢ All the stories in her books are interlocking personal narrative in different voices. The narrators appear as characters in each other’s stories as well as tell their own stories, Tan does not have to fully develop the narrator’s voice in each story. While American daughters like Jing-mei employ personal narrative as a way of telling stories, the ’’ Because this indirect means is the only way Jing-mei’s mother c an interpret and express her experiences, she is shocked into silence when her daughter speaks directly about the daughters she abandoned in China years earlier. Point of View †¢In â€Å"Two Kinds† the perspective moves back and forth between the adult and then child. In this way, Tan tells the story through the child’s innocent view and the adult’s experienced eyes. This allows reader to make judgments of their own, to add their own interpretations of the mother daughter struggle. Figurative Language †¢This literary device also invites readers to think about the way memory itself functions, how we use events in the past to help make sense of our present. Literary critic Ben Xu explains that ‘‘it is not just that we have ‘images,’ ‘pictures,’ and ‘views’ of ourselves in memory, but that we also have ‘stories’ and narratives to tell about the past which both shape and convey our sense of self. Our sense of what has happened to us is entailed not in actual happening but in meaningful happenings, and the meanings of our past experience . . . are constr ucts produced in much the same way that narrative is produced. ’’ †¢In other words memory is a two-way street; it shapes the story as much as the story makes the memory. In Xu’s words, ‘‘memory is not just a narrative, even though it does have to take a narrative form; it is more importantly an experiential relation between the past and the present, projecting a future as well. ’’ Tan’s style is mainly composed of storytelling as a way for her characters to share their history and retell the significant events of their lives. The Chinese mothers find it exceptionally difficult to talk about their lives due to the language barrier; therefore Tan uses a strategy that is borrowed from Chinese folk tradition called talk story (Brent). E. D. Huntley defines talk story as ‘‘a narrative strategy for those characters whose ties to Chinese tradition remain strong. ’’ It allows these characters to ‘‘draw on traditional oral forms to shape their stories and to disguise the urgency and seriousness with which they are attempting to transmit to their daughters the remnants of a culture that is fading even from their own lives. ’’ This means that the mothers, ‘‘who have been socialized into silence for most of their lives,’’ learn to ‘‘reconfigure the events of hese lives into acceptable public utterances: painful experiences are recast in the language of folk tale; cautionary reminders become gnomic phrases; real life takes on the contours of myth (Huntley). † Story telling serves many different functions in the novel. Primarily, the mother’s use storytelling to communicate with their daughters about their past and better relate to their daughters. In Kitchen God’s Wife, Winnie and Pearl have a hard time understanding each other’s situation as they have had a disconnect since Pearl was a teenager. However, after Winnie tells Pearl the stories of the hardships she had to face living with her abusive husband in China and how that has made her the hard person she is today, Pearl is able to connect better with her mother and understand where she is coming from. Another purpose of storytelling is so the mother’s can teach their daughters important life lessons that can help them be happy as many of the daughters are struggling with their marriages. Thus, she knows that the only way to save her daughter is to tell her story, the story of how her submission to fate and other people’s wills led to discontent and even agony. In her novels, Amy Tan allows her characters to employ storytelling as a device for shaping their histories and making coherent sense of the significant events of their lives. For these characters, storytelling is a means of keeping the past alive and building a bridge between it and the present, of transmitting cultural codes and rituals, of subtly educating their daughters, and finally of somehow imprinting the essence of their selves on the next generation. Tan is especially gifted at weaving multiple stories with a variety of narrators into the intricate fabric of each book. Tan herself has recognized her own ability to construct distinctive and memorable narratives, commenting that her storytelling gifts are responsible in large measure for the ongoing popularity-with readers and critics alike-of her work. She has said that her childhood exposure to Bible stories as well as tons of fairy tales, both Grimm and Chinese (Wang) has made stories a significant element in her writing, and she credits her parents with both instilling in her the impulse to tell stories and providing her with models for unforgettable. In an interview with Gretchen Giles, Amy Tan reveals that she learned the craft of story construction from her father, a very busy Baptist minister who managed to spend quality time with his children by reading his sermons to them and then asking for their opinions on content and language. Citations Xu, Ben. ‘‘Memory and the Ethnic Self: Reading Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club,’’ in MELUS, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 3-16. Huntley, E. D. Amy Tan: A Critical Companion, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. Brent, Liz. ‘‘Amy Tan Criticism Overview. ’’ Short Stories for Students. Ed. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 1997. 19–20: 288.

Software Development Theory: A Survey

Software Development Theory: A Survey Pushpakumar R Abstract— Nowadays, during the Software development process, software developers are involved and their efforts to generate correct approach are the major challenge. In this survey, the planned model is Coat Hanger, for theorizing about development practices. This model focuses on the projected justification for the actual recognition and resulting effects of using particular practices in changing contexts. In the recent practice concerned with articles in the journal Science of Computer Programming explains the use of this model. The software development in professional organizations with actual software consultants as moles. The Coat Hanger model was then used to order the notional assets and weakness of these four practice descriptions. The study is used as the basis to declare the likely of our model as an intangible aid for more structured imagining about software development practices. The goat hanger model expected to deliver and then serve for software development process theory. In th is novel approach the model is also provide a catalog for theory and then development process. Index Terms— Goat hanger, Catalog, Software theory Introduction In this paper we explained Modern software development theory and development. The general software process based on the general theory of software engineering. Particularly, they call for models which should provide analytical and narrow support for software engineering, instead of running costly design procedures that are plainly based on trial and error. They remark the issue of choosing software development methods in development projects and organizations as an example of weighty questions, which should be undertaken by such theory. Principally, Johnson at all. state that â€Å"many planned methods, programming languages and requirements specification languages exist, but very few bare theories explain why or foresee that one method or language would be preferable to another under certain situations†. While it may be true that we lack a â€Å"general theory† of software engineering, we must be more correct in our argumentation, however. What is this lack that we ar e talking about? Are we wanting theories about software artifacts or are we missing theoretical knowledge on the work of software professionals, i.e. software development. Additional approach has been the building of ontologies that give researchers and method-oriented consultants a vocabulary for theoretical constructs. An example of this approach is the semat kernel, which provides a set of concepts, or ontology, for the core of software engineering. In its place of creating theories based on scientific remark, SEMAT has chosen the correction path, where the result is based on agreement, earlier experiences, or a best guess among a body of professionals. Another example is the complete SWEBOK, which is an attempt to protection all relevant areas of software engineering with commonly agreed knowledge. SWEBOK is not, however, focused on a single theory of the whole process; it labels areas defined by agreement or convention instead and therefore cannot be considered as a scientific theory. While mathematics and computer science offer a solid academic basis for kind computational changes and the article the process and performs of structure the artifact. Software development is less enclosed by scientific research. In our work we focus on the problem of theorizing about software growth practices, whic h can create data to support research, education and actual development of practices in software development officialdoms. To build and expressly validate theories about software expansion practices, we want to observe the work of software professionals in the real world context. This means that we must identify software development as a structural action, where the context, the business and then environment and the human organization with its fights and other failures are at least as applicable for the success of software development as the computational changes of the software piece. In this view the observed software development work becomes the source of the theory, and the target of the theory is to know, explain and guess the reason and practices of software developers and the effect these have on the success of software development. The unbiased of this paper is to understand this theorizing process abstractly and to build a model that explains the essential concepts for theo ries of software development practices. Practices and software development The practice of software development, which is â€Å"concerned with creating images of the purposes of the software and its problem domain, of its assembly and performance, of the additions to be achieved, of the boundaries between the software and its environment and its users. Software development contains numerous practices including that of analysis, design, execution and quality management. This kind of organic view to practices implies that in the software development context, practices may include both carefully organized use of predefined development methods and loosely prepared and even emergent activities that may use discrete tools or techniques at hand. They are not a mechanical reply to rules, norms or models, but a tactical, yet regulated improvisation responding to the dialectical connection between a exact situation in a field and habitus. Technical rationality The field of software engineering has over eras twisted numerous methods that are normative models of how software development should take place. However, already in the 1980s, noted that a methodology does not really describe what actually occurs in practice. The real actions in software progress, the working practice in use, what is really done in a situation may be quite different from what is described by a narrow methodology. In the field of information systems development, Larsen et al. describe how a research stream has discussed the related nature of method/practice engineering and acceptance by individual system and software designers, projects, and growth organizations since the 1990s. Recently, this portent has gained increasing attention in the international software engineering community as well. Practice research in organizations We adopt that a software development practice may become an administrative practice, it can be defined as the organization’s routine use of knowledge. Organizational applies can exist at the multiple levels, in that as in a software progress project or in an organization taking part in several projects or development processes. Structural practices often have tacit workings embedded partly in separate skills and partly in collaborative social arrangements. Many vital features of software development practices, such as their starting and evolution, require more courtesy from research and theory to be fully unspoken. The general management literature, however, conjectures with many viewpoints on how structural practices take shape. All existing images of a practice imply that at least one stakeholder in the society has intended that it should be enacted. However the ethnographical studies have shown that such official, prescribed practices often deviate from the actual actions taken Moreover, software development organizations may also follow undocumented, habitual practices. Pent land and Feldman highlight a distinction between the performativity and ostensive aspects of organizational practices. The performativity facet shows â€Å"the specific actions taken by specific people at specific times when they are engaged in what they think of as an organizational routine. service engagements are becoming increasingly more numerous and more complex. We consider service engagements in the broad sense. Fig.1.CoatHanger model for building theories from development practices. Coat Hanger model for resulting theorizing about practices We have shaped a model for a special resolve, for imagining about software expansion practices. We also recognize that there are general principles and models for experimental research and testing in software engineering. These sources define how observed research in software engineering should be conducted and reported, whereas we need to concentrate on theorizing only. Our purpose is not to switch these but to provide a planned way to investigate and create theories about software development practices or sets of practices with a echo in action mode to research and practice. Our model figures on six main concepts that need to be illustrious in order to learn from software development practice and to shape theories of development practices: knowledge, a repetition, development setting, basis, effect, and theory. We use dual naming for each concept, for example rationale excusing and impact gauging. A central concept in our model is the concept of a practice. One dictionary definition of a practice is rather people do often. In the context of a development project or an body, a systems development practice may become an structural exercise or routine, which can be defined as the organization’s routine use of knowledge, especially â€Å"know-how†. The concept of â€Å"best practices† illustrates an assumption that abstractions of such know how can be usefully analyzed, and lessons learned from practice can be transferred between organizational contexts and over time. However, organizational practices often have tacit components embedded partly in individual skills and partly in collaborative social arrangements. If we compare a development method and a practice, a method adopted in an organization always embodies a predefined practice or a set of practices, whereas a practice is not always defined at the detailed level, at least with regard to all potential elements of method knowledge. However, while being cautious on the concept of â€Å"best practices†, we share the belief that practice descriptions and definitions may appear as useful for analyzing recurrent development actions in context, as a basis of learning from them. A software growth effort takes place in a development context, which includes a large number of issues and factors. For example, Clarke and O’Connor identified 140 situated factors from previous literature that may affect the software development process. Similarly, in the field of information systems development, Orlikowski claims that the role of the system, systems development structure and operations, development policies and practices, development staff, corporate strategies, organizational structure and culture, customers, competitors, and available technologies represent contextual categories of issues which may influence the success or suitability of development practices. Discuss the concept of method rationale as an important part of evolutionary method engineering to support software and systems development. While they regard good understanding of the method rationale as necessary for continuing the â€Å"variation and augmentation† of an organization’s methods, we will widen the concept of rationale to be equally useful for understanding the reasons for an organization’s development practices in general. A rationale for a development practice thus provides justifications for the creation, use and alteration of the practice (or a set of practices). Lyytinen and Robey emphasize the significance of learning from the organization’s own growth experience. This clearly requires analysis and identification of the impacts of the expansion practices to software engineering success. Such impacts may be wanted already according to the explicit method foundation or they may be unanticipated, sometimes even unwanted. Finally, the above concepts are needed for making and assessing theories of development practices. That is, we pursue theories which can examine, describe, and explain background software development practices, finally aiming at a level of prediction. We believe that it is useful to evaluate the practice and aim at predictive theories of certain types of development practices, with regard to their impacts on the development products, projects and processes, and contexts. In the following, we relate these concepts to each other to form a model to guide the research on development practices. Fig.1relates these concepts together, whereas their relationships, which we need to understand in order to build theory from practices, are discussed further below. Education is a border spanning machine which needs to exist, on one hand, in a development context so that earlier theories, including previous, more or less well-grounded, organizational commendations of development can notify local rationale for new practices and that the observed impacts of the target organization’s previous practices can inform further local rationality to adjust the practices. On the other hand, learning is needed between development organizations and the theory builders, who observe development actions in practice and try to abstract lessons to be learned from the particular practices in question (Fig.1). The process of theorizing is circular by nature. The local and global theories of observes will affect the rationalizing of practices and practice change in the development context. This in turn will lead to new knowledge that will make new or extended local or global theories. The development context involves all the issues which have impact on how practices in the target organization or project are socially constructed and how the development organization can learn from its practices. The context may have an impact on the basis to tool new practices and how the applied practices are twisted during real development activities, on the impacts reached from the practices in use, and even whether a learning process takes place in a context at all and whether lessons learned from previous experience are made explicit. That is, practices, their impacts, and learning may not be purely based on the identified rationale alone, but can be affected by contextual issues. If contextual issues are explicitly identified before implementing a new set of practices, they may, in turn, become an explicitly recognized part of the rationale. However, some contextual issues may have a more implicit effect on practices in use and their impacts, recognized only after new practice s have been tried out. Learning is the intermediary that enables accumulation of local and global theories and their utilization in the development context. Conclusion In this topic we have discussed the need in software engineering research to observe the work of software professionals in real environments and presented a model that includes essential concepts for the theorizing of software development practices. The Coat Hanger model and then concepts education, a training growth context, motivation, impact, and theory can be used as a tool by research planners and assessors. To illustrate the value of the model we also made a survey of articles in Science of Computer Programming and went through four full years of articles. Out of 371 articles, we found only four articles that studied and observed directly professional software development using physicians as informants. Our study in light of the model could disclose areas of perfection with regard to the theoretical and empirical parts of the four studies. Finally we sharp out that software engineering research tends to value technical rationality instead of reflection in action and emphasized that theorizing of software development practices requires new approaches that recognize also other reference sciences than computer science and mathematics and pays more care to scientific practice. In the future we aim to continue our theory structure on software expansion practices. When combined with our previous model on practice changes, the Coat Hanger model is expected to serve as a conceptually clear and useful instrument for such theorizing. One other for current the study could be to build a catalogue of well-known or otherwise interesting software change practices, their motivations, and impacts on known contexts. References [1]S. Adolph, P. Kruchten, W. Hall, â€Å"Reconciling perspectives: a grounded theory of how people manage the process of software development†, J. Syst. Softw. 85(6) (2012) 1269–1286. [2]Chris Argyris, D.A. Schà ¶n, Organizational Learning II, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1996. [3]T.B.C. Arias, P. Avgeriou, P. America, K. Blom, S. Bachynskyy, A top–down strategy to reverse architecting execution views for a large and complex software-intensive system: an experience report, Sci. Comput. Program. 76(12) (2011) 1098–1112. [4]M. Bajec, D. Vavpotiˆ¡c, M. Krisper, Practice-driven approach for creating project-specific software development methods, Inf. Softw. Technol. 49(4) (2007) 345–365. [5]V. Basili, R. Tesoriero, P. Costa, M. Lindvall, I. Rus, F. Shull, et al., Building an experience base for software engineering: a report on the first Ce-BASE eWorkshop, in: F. Bomarius, S. Komi-Sirvià ¶ (Eds.), Product Focused Software Process Improvement, in: Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2001, pp.110–125. [6]I. Benbasat, R.W. Zmud, Empirical research in information systems: the practice of relevance, MIS Q. 23(1) (1999) 3–16. [7]H. Berger, P. Beynon-Davies, The utility of rapid application development in large-scale, complex projects, Inf. Syst. J. 19(6) (2009) 549–570. [8]P. Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge University Press, 1977. [9]P. Bourdieu, The three forms of theoretical knowledge, Inf. Sur Sci. Soc. (Paris) 12(1) (1973) 53–80. [10]J.S. Brown, P. Duguid, Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovating, Organ. Sci. 2(1) (1991) 40–57. [11]P.R. Carlile, A pragmatic view of knowledge and boundaries: boundary objects in new product development, Organ. Sci. 13(4) (2002) 442–455. [12]P. Clarke, R.V. O’Connor, The situational factors that affect the software development process: towards a comprehensive reference framework, Inf. Softw. Technol. 54(5) (2012) 433–447. [13]Collins CoBUILD, English Dictionary, 1989. [14]B. Curtis, H. Krasner, N. Iscoe, A field study of the software design process for large systems, Commun. ACM 31(11) (1988) 1268–1287 . Reactivity of Ashes: Effect of Porosity and Particle Size Reactivity of Ashes: Effect of Porosity and Particle Size Objective: Discuss the effect of porosity, particle size, shape and distribution on reactivity of ashes. Rice Husk Ash The particle size rice husk ash is around 5 micron to 95 micron with average particle size of 25 micron with high percentage of silica. The presence of silica in RHA has been known since 1938 and an extensive literature search has highlighted many uses of RHA as silica replacement. Two main industrial uses have been identified: as an insulator in the steel industry and as a poz- zolan in the cement industry. RHA is used by the steel industry in the production of high quality flat steel. Moreover, RHA is an excellent insulator, having low thermal conductivity, high melting point, low bulk density and high porosity. In particular, there are two areas for which RHA is used: in the manufacture of low cost building blocks, and in the production of high quality cement. The addition of RHA to cement has been found to enhance cement properties. In general, concrete made with Portland cement containing RHA has a higher compressive strength. RHA is finer than cement having very small particle size of 25 microns, so much so that it fills the interstices in between the cement in the aggregate. That is where the strength and density comes from. Incinerator Bottom Ash 1 This sample was imported from Portugal. Upon magnification, agglomerated and irregularly shaped amorphous particles were detected in the bottom ash samples associated with aggregates of polycrystalline, amorphous, and glassy material. The results show that the predominant elements in bottom ash samples were silicon (Si), aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), and calcium (Ca) as oxides, while the predominant elements in all spot points on surface texture of bottom ash. High silica and alumina content in bottom ash could make it a good sorbent while high CaO content is responsible for its alkaline character. It was found that the material was mainly amorphous in nature but also indicated the presence of crystalline phases such as feldspar, mullite, magnetite, and quartz. Bottom ash particles smaller than 11.2 mm accounts for approximately 80 % by mass. About 5 10 % bottom ash particles are between 0.1  µm and 100  µm. These particles are quite porous and look like volcanic lava. One of the m ost common uses for bottom ash is as structural fill. There is possibility of bottom ash being used as substitute/replacement of fine aggregate (sand). Its use in concrete becomes more significant and important in view of the fact that sources of natural sand as fine aggregates are getting depleted gradually, and it is of prime importance that substitute of sand be explored. The ash shows lower density, higher water absorption, and lower strength than natural gravel. They could be considered as average quality aggregates for use in concrete. When directly introduced in concrete, they led to swelling and cracking of specimens, due to the reaction between cement and metallic aluminium. Therefore, a treatment by sodium hydroxide was proposed to avoid such degradation, which made possible the partial replacement (up to 50%) of fine gravel in concrete without affecting the durability. Incinerator Bottom Ash 2 This sample was imported from Czech Republic. Hard Wood Ash Quantity and quality of wood ash may vary with many factors such as combustion temperature, species of wood and combustion technology used. Hence proper analysis of wood ash is important before its application in concrete. Wood ash chemical characteristics differ with species of wood but chiefly contains lime and silica. The size of wood ash varies from 45 micron to 75 micron. The particles of wood ash are little coarser than that of cement and have higher specific surface as compared to cement due to porous nature and irregular shape. Hard wood ash contains carbon (5-30%). Calcium (7-33%), potassium (3-4%), magnesium (1-2%), manganese (0.3-1.3%), phosphorus (0.3-1.4%) and sodium (0.2-0.5%) are the major constituents of wood ash. With increasing carbon content, density of wood ash decreases Incorporation of wood ash as partial replacement of cement adversely decreases the slump of concrete. Water absorption of concrete increases with the increase in wood ash percentage. There was mar ginal decrease in strength with increasing wood ash percentage in concrete, but increased with age due to increased pozzolanic reactions. Wood ash at replacement percentage up to 10% of the weight of binder can be successfully used as additive in place of cement to produce structure grade concrete. Replacement of cement by wood ash does not have negative impact on the chloride permeability. There is a significant decrease in the drying shrinkage on the incorporation of wood ash.

One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest :: book review, mental illness

Randall Patrick McMurphy is introduced by asking, "Do I look like a sane man?" Surprisingly enough, the answer was yes; in fact, McMurphy's sanity takes the ward by storm. None of the patients have met anyone like him. The other patients seem timid and quiet, yet McMurphy is cocky, loud, and confident. He doesn't seem to belong in the hospital at all. Everything about McMurphy marked a sane, logical, and capable man. You could tell that he was a hard working man, and even Dr. Spivey suspected a misdiagnosis, but nevertheless McMurphy was in for an experience of a lifetime. Nurse Ratched and her new patient, McMurphy, are in every way opposed to each other, she demanding control, he basking in freedom and independence. Inevitably, as the Nurse asserts her power, McMurphy rebels against it in both intentional and unintentional ways. Nurse Ratched had defeated past troublemakers with electro-shock therapy, or with lobotomies, the latter an operation that makes patients docile members of society at the expense of their individuality. McMurphy was asking for more and more freedom and awakening the other patients to things they have been missing. Nurse Ratched was intent on quelling this disturbance before it became a major issue. The climax is building when McMurphy comes back from electro-shock therapy and the rest of the ward is planning his escape. The two prostitutes Sandy and Candy arrive in the ward, and there is a wild party. This is where everything turns to chaos. McMurphy attacks Nurse Ratched, but he is immediately restrained and will never know of the hope he gave Chief. Chief believed that McMurphy made him â€Å"big† enough to finally lift the control panel that he throws through a window to escape. The resolution was fitting to the events of the novel, but it came rather quickly. It seemed as though there was the party, Billy Bibbit committed suicide, and McMurphy was lobotomized in just a few pages.

Atypical Childhood Social Behavior and Phthalates, BPA Essay -- Medica

The Article describes how endocrine disruptors can produce childhood social impairment and more specifically the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates exposure during pregnancy produces autistic-like social behaviors in children. The specific social behaviors that occur from phthalates and BPA exposure are difficult interpersonal and social awareness skills. Phthalates and BPA, the independent variable, are endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). The EDCs interfere with the body’s hormones which are critical to brain development (Braun, 2011). Changes to hormone levels during pregnancy can lead to brain change that can alter childhood behavior. BPA and phthalates are consumer products used in plastics, food can linings, food packaging, cosmetics, personal care products and vinyl plastics. Other studies have found that animals exposed to BPA and phthalates before birth have altered behavior; also, collaborating research shows that same effect in humans (Miodovnik, 20 11). Additional studies also show a connection between these chemicals and hormonal signaling. According to this article 137 mothers and their children were observed over a span of nine years by Mt. Sinai School of Medicine in New York City (Braun, 2011). These mothers came from varying ethnic backgrounds and came from a lower income area of New York City. These women also were of lower education although a majority of them increased their education levels by the end of this study. The ages of the women were fairly evenly distributed from 20- 30 years of age for the majority of the participants (Miodovnik, 2011). This sampling of woman is representative of their target population because of the varying ages and ethnicities that were used and also those ... ...per it would have given more credence to the research without adding any length to the article. If I had to add anything else to this article I would have liked to have seen some of the supporting research added to the content of the article; because, whenever you support your writing with other people’s work it always adds credence to what you are stating, it is the staple of peer review. Also this media article did not include any type of graphics and it would have been nice to see the scatter point graph included in this article as it does a good job of showing the natural increase in atypical behaviors as the levels of EDC’s increased. Works Cited Braun. (2011, april 06). Enviromental Health News. Retrieved from www.enviromentalhealthnews.org. Miodovnik, A. E. (2011). Endocrine disruptors and childhood social impairment. NueroToxicology, 261-267.

Airframe :: essays research papers

Airframe For unknown reasons, the almost flawless N-22 Norton aircraft suffers severe turbulence during TPA flight 545. As a result of three fatalities and fifty-six injuries, a spiral of investigations, terrible apprehensions, and horrible threats plague the Norton Aircraft Plant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the first page, the seemingly dull plot of Airframe grabs the reader’s attention. With political trouble in the plant, a deadline for the investigation, and rumors of mutiny, the novel is filled with action along with a precise measurement of suspense. Crichton, one of my favorite authors, plans his novels superbly timing the chapters at the pinnacle of the action. By this method of writing, it was difficult to stop reading, which is the signature of an excellent book. It is one of the most interesting and intriguing novels I have ever read. Like most other Michael Crichton novels, it is extremely technical, yet, also thoughtfully written. This combination of plot and description is what makes all of Crichton’s novels so great. The technical description brings imagery and realism to the novel, while the plot’s twists and turns help to create suspense. The way Crichton writes gives the reader very detailed and vivid scenes, as seen in this random quote: “Mechanics in Melbourne noted that the fuel coupling was bent on the right wing, and the adjacent slats locking pin was slightly damaged. This was thought to have been caused by ground personnel in Java during the previous fuel stop.'; (pg. 149). As well as the writing, the characters were also a major factor in this novel. Unlike characters in most other novels, these actually seemed like real people. Crichton develops his characters giving them each individual attributes, emotions, and personalities. Also unlike most other characters, they were not totally perfect, and on the other hand, they were not totally flawed. They were human, and that was what allowed the reader to identify with them. Although good character development is expected from a talented and professional writer, it still amazes me how real they seem and how well they interact.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The page that I chose to photocopy, is the beginning of the conclusion. It is the end of the investigation, and Casey Singleton, the protagonist of the novel, is about to uncover what really happened on TPA flight 545. Along with her, is Jennifer, a reporter for “Newsline,'; on a task to unravel the secrets of the doomed flight.

Case Study: Google in China Essay

Google issued a statement mentioning the attacks across the Internet generated from China and declaring its unwillingness to censor search results any more and indicating its decision of exiting China. Several months later, the company moved from Beijing to Hong Kong, out of Mainland China, and still has provided services to users in Mainland China, but also has faced many difficulties. This case is very typical and meaningful for foreign companies, which have willingness to launch their business successfully in China. Culture, local laws and differences between western market and Chinese market should be taken into consideration. Case A 1. Why did Google issue the statement of January 12? Google issued the statement to express the company’s unwillingness to tolerate censorship in China and the decision to exit from China. The Chinese government made the decision to control the information flow on the Internet and insisted on removing information from search results that it is considered politically objectionable, which leads to the insufficiency and inaccuracy of the search result. This is not what Google wants. The statement doesn’t aim at accusing of the cyber attacks across the Internet and helping users make their computers much safer, but declare that Google won’t compromise to the censorship in China any more, which violates the missions and principles of the company—To organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful and do no evil. 2. Can Google take comfort from the reactions of stakeholders so far? In my opinion, it depends on different stakeholders. For competitors, such as Baidu, there is no doubt that Google exiting from China is great news by getting rid of such a strong competitor. And also I don’t think the shareholders of the company were happy to see that, as the stock price of Google falling as low as $573.09 on January 13 comparing to $714.87 in December 2007. And cutting themselves off from one of the fastest-growing economies in the world and giving up such a huge market would lead to negative impact to the revenues of the company. Those shareholders would give extra pressure. However, the statement won some respect and support from democrats and human rights activists, and also won the trust of its users and the employees outside China, not the ones in China.

Erosional Activity on Mercury, Venus, and Moon

Erosion in Earth is mainly caused by water or moisture, wind, and other earthly activities. However, in other planets like Mercury and Venus, as well as our own satellite, which is the Moon, there is less erosion activity. Considering their distance from the Sun, the two mentioned planets are the closest ones to the Sun, and in case of Moon, it has the same distance as the Earth from the Sun which is 1 astronomical unit. We could say that in these heavenly bodies, the moisture is least to exist since they are prone to the intense heat of the Sun, considering that the Moon gets its light from the Sun. Aside from that, the Sun has strong gravity that enables it self to pull the planets and other heavenly bodies in the Solar System. Considering that the Mercury and Venus are the planets considered closest to the sun, both planets have received also the strongest attraction of the gravitational pull. In this case, the materials of the planets are more intact that could prevent to be eroded. In relation to the planetary size, it is correlated to the gravity such that the bigger the planet or the heavenly body, the greater of its gravitational pull. The Mercury, Venus, and Moon, which are relatively small bodies in Solar System, it has lesser gravity pull than the Earth. However, with the influence of the Earth’s gravity to the Moon, it prevents the moon from its orbiting and other erosional activity in the said satellite. Mercury and Venus, as it was mentioned before, both planets have been affected by the gravitational force of the Sun. The fallen heavenly bodies, such as meteor and asteroids, that also causes erosion in planets would be avoided by attraction of gravity pull of the Sun. Instead of collision with Mercury or Venus, it would be then collided with the Sun. In this case, there would be lesser erosional activity. Reference: July 1, 2007 July 1, 2007

Pathophysiology Case Study Essay

Patient Case Question 1: For which condition is this patient likely taking nifedipine? Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker used to treat high blood pressure and chest pain. Patient’s past medical history indicates that he has had hypertension â€Å"for years,† the patient is most likely taking Nifedipine to manage this condition. May also be taking nifedipine so as to prevent chest pain from his past condition of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Patient Case Question 2: For which condition is this patient likely taking lisinopril? Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor that treats high blood pressure and heart failure. Patient could be taking lisinopril in tandem with nifedipine to manage his hypertension and Coronary Artery Disease. Patient Case Question 3: For which Condition is this patient likely taking paroxetine? Paroxetine is used to treat various mood disorders. It is most likely that the patient is taking paroxetine to treat his generalized anxiety disorder, which he has been experiencing for the past 18 months (according to his past medical history). Patient Case Question 4: What is meant by â€Å"tenting of the skin† and what does this clinical sign suggest? â€Å"Tenting of the skin† involves a skin turgor test. By pulling a fold of skin from the back of the hand, lower arm, or abdomen with two fingers one can assess the ability of the patient’s skin to change shape and return to normal (elasticity). â€Å"Tenting of the skin,† indicates that the skin is not returning to normal quickly, which means the person has severe dehydration, a fluid loss of 10% body weight. The result of his skin turgor test indicates late signs of dehydration (patient had skin with poor turgor), and the presence of tenting in the skin indicates the severity of his dehydration. Patient Case Question 5: Are the negative Grey Turner and Cullen signs evidence of a good or poor prognosis? A positive test for Cullen sign occurs when a patient has superficial bruising in the subcutaneous fat around the umbilicus. A positive Grey  Turner test occurs when a patient has bruising of flanks (last rib to top of hip), which indicates a retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Both Cullen and Grey Turner signs are used to indicate/predict acute pancreatitis, when these signs are present one has a high rate of mortality (37%). The patient tested negative for both Grey Turner and Cullen signs, so his prognosis is good. Patient Case Question 6: Identify THREE major risk factors for acute pancreatitis in this patient. Patient has sinus tachycardia, paired with the patient’s severe dehydration the patient is showing signs of having acute pancreatitis. Patient also has a history of alcohol abuse and is regularly taking ACE inhibitors, which puts him at a high risk of developing acute pancreatitis. Patient also has diminished bowel sounds that indicate possible acute pancreatitis. Patient Case Question 7: Identify TWO abnormal laboratory tests that suggest that acute renal failure has developed in this patient. Patient’s Blood Urea Nitrogren (BUN) level is 34 mg/dL; which indicates decreased kidney function. Patient has a potassium level of 3.5 meq/L which is below normal range (3.7- 5.2 meq/L), this indicates possible renal artery stenosis. Both of these lab results suggest that the patient has developed acute renal failure. Patient Case Question 8: Why are hemoglobin and hematocrit abnormal? Patient’s hemoglobin level is 18.3 g/dL, normal hemoglobin levels for men are between 14 and 18 g/dL. Patient’s hematocrit level is 53%, normal hematocrit levels are 40-50%. This abnormally high lab results indicate early stages of kidney disease and anemia. Patient has developed acute renal failure, so these test results are as expected for a patient under such conditions. Patient Case Question 9: How many Ranson criteria does this patient have and what is the probability that the patient will die from this attack of acute pancreatitis? Patient has seven points of Ranson criteria. Patient’s WBC count was over 16K, patient is over age 55, patient’s blood glucose level was higher than  200 mg/dL, patient’s LDH level was over 350, patient had high BUN level, and Patient had high fluid needs due to his dehydration. Patient’s predicted mortalitiy is 100% based upon the Ranson criteria, so it is very likely that the patient will die from this attack of acute pancreatitis. Patient Case Question 10: Does the patient have a significant electrolyte imbalance? Patient has a sodium level that is 1 meq/L below normal range, and a potassium level 0.2 meq/L below normal range. This indicates that the patient is having renal complications that are interfering with electrolyte balance. Patient Case Question 11: Why was no blood drawn for an ABG determination? No blood was drawn for an ABG determination because patient’s lungs were clear to no auscultation, so no test was needed to test patient’s blood PH. Also patient had urine with a PH within normal range, so an ABG test was not really needed.

How to Get Prepared and Start My Own Business Essay

All of us have a lot of ideas about the things that we think about; most of the time we do not even recognize how millions of ideas got through our brains. Even now, when I typed this sentence, it took a while for me to come up with an idea and put it into words, so that all the readers get exactly what I want them to understand after reading my writing. We use our ideas everywhere, since it is something that lets us process and understand the information that we already own and get the best result that is possible. People use ideas as their tool to make a right decision, and as we all know, we have a lot of decisions to make in our life. For me, the right idea is a treasure surrounded by many other ideas that are not the ones that will lead me to a right choice, which I have to make in certain amount of time. Examples of leading companies that came up with good ideas in business are: Facebook, Microsoft, Google, and AT&T. These worldwide well-known organizations started their business like any other person – from idea, but somehow they have achieved a better result, which means they had a better idea, better team, or better preparation and hard work with luck. Now, after having 17 years of experience in finding a right idea, I am on my way to find my own treasure, so that I will be able to realize my ideas in business world. That idea is one in a million. For now, I came up with a lot of ideas that will possibly bring me a wanted amount of profit after realizing them. Since I am on the right track, I should get prepared to start realizing my ideas and start my own business. There are a lot of people in the world who want to start and run their own business. Some of these people who start their business will get a satisfying sense of accomplishment after providing a service or a product that is enjoyed or used by customers. Most of them will be disappointed in their business, since the percentage of those who fail is higher than those who succeed. Feeling of a business executive after coming to work differs from the feeling that people meet when they work for someone else. Person who runs the business and person who assists and works for that person experience different emotions and work to do, but both of these jobs have their own cons and pros. Person who assists to run the business cares only about the wage that he or she gets in the end of the month, while the businessman cares about the whole organization, including staff, all the property, wages of his workers, working environment, advertisement, and else. The more power and opportunity you have, the more responsibility and problems you get. That one person who runs the company should make a perfect environment to work, including people who work for him, because they are a big part of his business that manage to realize his ideas, and make them work properly. More than one million people create their own business every year. All of them have an idea that they believe in, because idea plays a huge role, but it is not the only thing. Business is more than just an idea, and some people forget it and start without even being prepared. It needs a lot of time to plan, and also it requires certain people. Furthermore, it needs financial funding. Before even starting to prepare to be a business executive, person should ask himself if he is ready for that. Do I have that personality and skills to be successful in business? Do I have what it takes? I am sure that I do, so do my parents. That is the reason why I am continuing to make researches about business and reading news about politics in my country. That is the reason why I came to America, to a country that is far from mine. Before starting to prepare the environment I will be working in, I should prepare myself. I should have enough knowledge and information to understand everything me and my team will do. To do so, I should read news and articles about business. All businessmen have to be in that world, which is a world of business. There is always something that we do not know. That something might make business work better. People do not even know when they miss their chance to build a better business. People just lose their chances to get better, and that opportunity sometimes comes only once in the whole life. Since there are plenty of those who try to run their business, it is a competition, where you, as a businessman, should prove that you are capable of more than other businessmen around you. There is only one winner, and it should be you. That is why it is better to spend enough time preparing and have more chance to succeed, than start with unsafe steps. Since I am the person who will continue the family business, not start from the very beginning, I have more opportunity and chance than I would have had if I was the one who started the business. That person who worked hard is my father. What he did, is called a huge step. He brought his family from nothing to something in a short period of time, which usually takes more. Some people achieve their goal, but my father is one of those who achieved a goal that he did not even expect. He already reached a goal that should be reached in two generation. That is why, as the only son in our family, I should succeed at least like him, even though he, as a father, thinks I can do better. I have people who will help me to understand business, and how it works, because it is not something that you can understand by reading some rules on the paper. It is something that you understand by experiencing, something that we should feel. Business is about the team. Successful business based on products, and services that are made or provided by people. I should create a company that inspires faith and productivity. In order to make revenue, I should understand people’s way of thinking; understand what their needs are, and how to provide them in the best way. How did such companies as Apple and Microsoft get so big and successful? These companies found a product that best responds to real human needs and desires. This problem is important to all the people who want to start their own business. It is related to business. This question is being discussed everywhere on internet, on the forums, by experts, and by people who have failed in starting a business, or by people who succeeded. They share their experience and give tips that can help to people like me, people who are getting prepared to start a business. This subject is interesting for me, because it determines my future. It helps me to understand what exactly I am going to do, in order to be prepared to start business, which is what I am going to do for living. There are many ways of getting prepared, choosing the right one, and choosing the right idea is one of the most important steps. Even though I am sure that I will succeed with the help of my family, I still have to make research and be one of those who try hard to be closer to business. Business is like a big house. In order to build a big and beautiful one, we should have an idea of how to make, and be prepared. If the foundation is strong, then are on the right way. There are basic steps to start my business. First of all I should research and plan my business. It will help me to understand what it takes to realize my plans. After researching and planning, I should get business assistance. That step will help me prepare a business plan and expanding my business. After that, I should choose a business location and finance my business. To do, depending on my business type, I should find a place that will work out the best for my business. If it is, for example, a hotel, it should in a place that is easy to reach for tourists, but is not noisy, so that customers can enjoy their time in the hotel. After doing these four steps, I should determine the legal structure of my business. It could be sole partnership, partnership, corporation, etc. If I am not ready to do my business alone, I can find a partner or partners that believe in my idea and ready to finance. Having more people is always better, which means that you will have more resources and more ideas. If a company has more than one holder, it always causes problems, because of disagreement and revenue that should be divided. Next step in order to start business is registration of a business name, and getting a local license. After these steps, everything is ready to work, including the workers that you should hire.