Media Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media Analysis - Research Paper Example This paper plans to give a timetable of significant occasions and to portray and dissect three media relics that secured the Beslan school prisoner emergency: 1) Peter Baker and Susan B. Glasser (2004)’s paper article that has an online adaptation; 2) 48 Hours of CBS News’ video clasp of the arrangement and arrival of certain prisoners; and 3) David Satter (2009)’s analysis, five years after the prisoner episode. These media ancient rarities exhibit a few contrasts by they way they marked the prisoner takers and likenesses in their enthusiastic rendering of the occasions, while one of them underscored that the fault of the crisis’ misusing ought to be put exclusively on the shoulders of the Russian government. Timetable of the Beslan Hostage Crisis On September 1, 2004, at around 5:30 am, a gathering of prisoner takers seized Beslan’s School No. 1 and took several understudies, educators, and guardians as prisoners. They traded fires with the police during that morning. Dough puncher and Glasser (2004) depicted the prisoner takers as â€Å"guerillas† or â€Å"fighters,† from Chechnya and different countries, while the Russian government called them â€Å"terrorists† (p.1). ... On Friday, September 3, 2004, prisoner takers permitted crises service laborers to move toward the dead groups of certain prisoners who were lying before the school. Simultaneously, two hours before the grisly fight between the guerillas and the government’s troops, the leader of North Ossetia, Alexander Dzasokhov, and another lawmaker called Chechen pioneer Akhmed Zakayev in London. Zakayev, who represented Aslan Maskhadov, the Chechen dissenter pioneer and ousted president, said that they needed Maskhadov’s help in haggling with the guerillas in light of the fact that their requests were identified with the Chechnya struggle (Baker and Glasser, 2004, p.2). Maskhadov was set up to meet the renegades for the arrival of the prisoners and the conversation of the latter’s requests. In any case, at around 10 to 10:30 AM, two blasts were heard inside the school. The news contrasted on what caused these blasts, in spite of the fact that a definitive outcome was the bre akdown of the gym’s rooftop, where a large portion of the prisoners were, the fleeing of prisoners as shootings resulted, the assault of the Special Forces on the rec center, and the ensuing fight between the military and the agitators (Baker and Glasser, 2004, p.2; The Guardian, 2004). Battling happened until night, however finished at around 8 PM. On the beginning of September 4, President Vladimir Putin visited a portion of the injured casualties (The Guardian, 2004). Investigation of Media Coverage The principal media curio to be examined is the print news story (accessible on the web) composed by Baker and Glasser (2004). The media test matters since it gives imperative data about the prisoner emergency and it shows the distinction between news language and political language. Regarding sources, Baker and Glasser (2004) depended on themselves as observers, law

Bottle nose dolphins Free Essays

Dolphins live in enormous water bodies which may either be salty or new waters. They are thirty two sorts of dolphins where by bottle nose dolphin is on of them. Container nose dolphins are systematically named follows; they have a place with the class animalia, request catecea, sub request odontoceti, family-delphinidae, variety turssiops and speacies-truncutus. We will compose a custom article test on Container nose dolphins or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Container nose dolphin is the most notable cetaceans’. This is because of its utilization in marine parks, inquire about exercises, and in naval force detecting model it’s utilized by United States naval force to detect an adversary. The container nose dolphin is for the most part found at along the shores of United States. Through research researchers have had the option to show that they are two types of jug nose dolphins existing. The normal one is turssiops trancutus which is found in most warm tropical seas. Their shading some of the time practically blue has a dull line from snout to blowhole. The second sort of jug nose dolphin is the indo-Pacific container nose dolphin turssiops aduncus living in waters around India-Australia and south china. Container nose dolphin chasing and methodologies Bottle nose dolphin show forceful conduct in its condition as they seek after prey and predators they battle among themselves when they are going after food. Some researchers’ have set up that a few types of container nose dolphins slaughter harbor porpoises. Anyway they don't eat them yet they simply murder the porpoises to decrease rivalry for food. Dolphins have enormous dorsal balances which help in development, the blades will a dolphin to rapidly assault its prey, the balances in this way assume a significant job in chasing where if the balances were not huge enough it would be extremely hard for the dolphin to take care of. The primary menu of the jug nose dolphin comprise of little fish and every so often feed on squid, crabs ,shrimp and other little creatures. Ordinarily they have cone-formed solid teeth which they use to get a handle on their prey. Each container nose dolphin is equipped for chasing for its own food, however when they are numerous they apply a few abilities and methodology whereby they convey through squeaks, whistles, non-verbal communication, slapping of tails and butting of head to caution individual dolphins on nearness of food source. They can coordinate a shore of fish and keep them together as they murder and eat them. They additionally practice fish whacking where by the paralyzed fish and tossed out of water where it is handily gotten. Container nose dolphins additionally find prey by creating sound and last tuning in to the reverberation. The reverberation is transmitted through two little ears close to the eye . in this way when the reverberation is restoring the object of intrigue is drawn nearer as the reverberation becomes stronger. This procedure of chasing is called etholocation. Jug nose dolphins have a solid sign sense; progressed ghostly characteristics which are all around dispersed along these lines help in echolocation characteristics. The jug nose dolphins have sharp vision situated along the edges of the head and have a reflecting film at the rear of their retina which helps vision in time of diminish light. They are additionally ready to both in profound water and air. End: From the above conversation unmistakably Bottle noser dolphins have special chasing aptitudes, they have enormous dorsal balances that help in quick development which assist it with getting its food, there are anyway numerous kinds of dolphins, there are more than 32 sorts of dolphins which have varying qualities and chasing systems. References: Sea world association (2008) bottle nose dolphins, recovered on 26th May, accessible at http://www. seaworld. organization/infobooks/Bottlenose/home. html The most effective method to refer to Bottle nose dolphins, Papers

The Importance of Individuality in John Knowles A Separate Peace :: Separate Peace Essays

The Importance of Individuality in John Knowles' A Separate Peace There is a period in each man's instruction when he shows up at the conviction that jealousy is numbness; that impersonation is self destruction; that he should take himself for better for more terrible as his part. It is more earnestly in light of the fact that you will consistently discover the individuals who think they comprehend what is your obligation better than you know it. It is simple on the planet to live after the world's supposition; it is simple in isolation to live after our own; yet the incredible man is he who amidst the group keeps with immaculate pleasantness the freedom of isolation. (Ralph Waldo Emerson) A Separate Peace (1959) composed by John Knowles, communicates the genuine battle to regard ones uniqueness. In 1942 at a tuition based school in New Hampshire Gene Forrester turned out to be old buddies with his flat mate, Finny. He begrudges Finny for his extraordinary Athletic capacity. Notwithstanding the jealousy, Gene and Finny do everything together and on e day for the sake of entertainment they choose to leap out of a tree into the stream. After that they structure the Super Suicide Society, the first occasion when they bounced being their purpose behind development. During one of their gatherings they choose to hop off simultaneously. At the point when they get up on the appendage Gene ricochets it and Finny falls on the bank. He breaks the bones in his leg and will never again play sports. No one understands that Gene purposely made Finny lose his equalization. Due to the mishap Gene doesn't play sports either and keeps being companions with Finny. One night, a portion of the different folks from Devon School woke Gene and Finny up in the center of the night. They are dubious of the mishap. They direct a preliminary to reprimand Gene for what has happened to Finny. In the long run Finny gets annoyed amidst contention and runs out. He winds up stumbling and tumbling down the steps, and breaking his mended leg allover once more. It was a cleaner break this time yet they despite everything need to set it. Quality admits to Finny that he skiped him out of the tree. While setting the break there are difficulties and Finny passes on. Quality discovers that he is his own individual and now that Finny is gone he can at long last be content with himself. In the first place Gene feels sub-par compared to Finny.

Julius Caesar, Death of a Salesman, and Oedipus Rex :: comparison compare contrast essays

Julius Caesar, Death of a Salesman, and Oedipus Rex Meet the Criteria of a Tragedy   â â To be viewed as an exemplary disaster, a story ought to follow the standards introduced by Aristotle in his work, Poetics. A disaster, in Aristotle's view, concerns the devastation of an individual of high economic wellbeing and solid character. The terrible fall of the individual is achieved by an unfortunate flaw.â Arthur Miller developed the old style meaning of a catastrophe to incorporate those of high societal position as well as the regular man.â Using the models built up by Aristotle and Miller, the plays Julius Caesar, Death of a Salesman, and Oedipus Rex might be considered as disasters.   â â â â â â â â â â Although the title of the play, Julius Caesar, centers around Caesar, the play itself is truly founded on Brutus. Brutus had preferably be a resident over to notoriety himself a child of Rome.(Shakespeare 172).â This was said by Brutus after Cassius revealed to him how Caesar had become a transcending figure over Rome and how Caesar controls Rome. Notice the positive qualities in Brutus, and the boundaries he will go to so as to secure majority rules system in Rome regardless of whether it implies slaughtering the one he cherishes, Caesar.â Brutus has one of the most terrible flaws.â He is excessively decent of an individual and in this way he gets exploited of.â He lets Cassius convince him into executing Caesar to benefit Rome.â Because he accomplishes for others more than himself he commits a deadly error, he allows Antony to live. Brutus says to the schemers, For Antony is nevertheless an appendage of Caesar(Shakespeare 165) implying th at if Caesar is executed Antony will cease to exist as well. Brutus unmistakably doesn't view Antony just like a risk, yet little does Brutus realize that Antony will work up the town to look for vengeance after the death of Caesar. This error will cost him his own life.â When he kicks the bucket he turns into a prime case of catastrophe in light of the fact that in addition to the fact that he brought about his own passing he bites the dust by his own hand.  â â â â â â â â â â In Death of a Salesman, Willy Lowman's shocking defect is that he is a visionary who can't confront the real factors of a present day society.â Willy fabricates as long as he can remember around the way of thinking that on the off chance that an individual is popular and gorgeous, at that point he will be successful.â Willy says to Biff, I express gratitude toward Almighty God that you are both are manufactured like Adonises.

How to Write an Eye-Catching Activity Resume

How to Write an Eye-Catching Activity Resume How to Write an Eye-Catching Activity Resume How to Write an Eye-Catching Activity Resume You probably never knew that taking French could help you with anything other than learning the correct pronunciation of “macaron” and the crucial definition of “escargot.” Who knew it could also help you with your college applications? Whip out those dual-language dictionaries and look up the word “résumé.” The translation is pretty simple: a summary or recap. Many schools will ask you for an “activity resume,” and the Coalition and Common Application have separate sections specifically for activities and extracurriculars, so it’s really easy to overthink this piece of the application. If you’ve never written a resume before, getting started can be incredibly daunting, but remember: it’s just a straightforward summary of your education and experience. You can get creative in your application essay. In fact, these two parts of the application â€" the essay and the activity resume â€" can often build on each other. So, if you’re wondering what you should do now that you’ve taken the SAT and your AP exams, the answer is start working on your activity resume! As you flesh out this list of your experiences and accomplishments, you’ll start to get a feel for the snapshot an admissions officer will see when scanning through your application. You’ll spark memories that could turn into essays, and you’ll begin to notice where your resume seems incomplete. After working on your resume, you might realize, “I have so much more to say about your Student Senate campaign!” or, “It’s really clear that I’m an excellent baseball player. Maybe I should write about something else to show that I’m well-rounded and different from the other baseball players applying to college this year.” But for now, we just want you to take a deep breath, remember that this is just a summary , and follow these five steps. 1. Pick a Clear and Consistent Format Googling “resume examples” or “resume templates” will yield an array of results that are strikingly similar. A professional resume format might be spot-on for job applications, and it might even be perfect for your own extracurricular experiences (if, for example, you had jobs or internships in high school and didn’t participate in many clubs), but it’s not necessarily the most appropriate set-up for an activity resume. As you’ll see below, there are very specific ways that you should categorize and organize your work, which may not fit neatly into the standard professional format. So test out a few different options before you settle on one. Try a grid or timeline; check out what other applicants have done. The idea is to pick a structure that will clearly showcase your accomplishments and which will easily work for each section you create. 2. Create Sections Strategically Yet another reason to deviate from the professional resume format: a typical resume tends to have two main sections, education and experience. Your resume will be easier to read, and paint a more dynamic picture, if you come up with more specific categories to describe your main activities and accomplishments. Some examples that we see fairly frequently include: school activities, athletics, arts, publications, summer programs, employment, and volunteering. You get the gist. Just remember not to get too granular. Any section you create should contain more than one or two lines. You may need to get creative in combining your sections. For example, we know a lot of folks who combine their employment and volunteering experience into a single section. You’ll figure a lot of this out by trial and error, and at the end of the day, you’ll have a resume with headings that already speak volumes about who you are as a student and person. 3.  Make Your Growth Clear Chances are, if you’ve been in the chess club since freshman year, you’ve taken on some additional roles and responsibilities over the years. So, instead of simply saying, “Chess club, grades 9-11,” consider breaking it down: “Chess club, member, grades 9-10” and “Chess club, treasurer, grade 11.” You can do this for any activity: Did you become a starter on the soccer team during your sophomore year? Did you slowly move up the ranks in the school newspaper? As your roles and responsibilities change, you can create new lines on your resume to reflect your growth, commitment, and leadership over time. 4. Limit Descriptions to the Highlights Another reason to create specific sections, and to offset your leadership roles, is that description space is at a premium. The Common App and Coalition provide strict character limits, and admissions officers don’t look to your resume for your life story (that’s what the essay is for). Contain your descriptions to 1-2 sentences that detail your primary responsibilities or accomplishments. For activities that are close to your heart, save the intimate details for an essay. You may not want to write about any of your activities in your personal statement, but many schools will ask you to submit a supplemental essay about an activity of your choice. So remember, this isn’t your only shot to expound on the importance of JV squash. 5. Don’t Undersell Yourself In your lifetime, short as it may seem, you have accomplished a lot. When you limit yourself to the specific activities that have defined your school life, you overlook lots of other key experiences. So, when you begin the resume-writing process, throw in the kitchen sink. List out anything you have done that isn’t a class in school that has had an impact on you in the past 3-4 years of your life â€" any program, any job, any club. Group all of these activities into categories and begin to flesh out your roles and growth. Suddenly â€" ta da! â€" you have a robust resume that reflects many facets of your stellar personality. Of course, you don’t want to overdo it. Limit yourself to high school and be honest about your work and commitment. You can do this. Actually, you’ve already done it. About Thea HogarthView all posts by Thea Hogarth » Want to know more about the activity essay? We've got you covered. LEARN MORE »

Main Motives In Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass - Free Essay Example

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is an autobiographical book written by Frederick Douglass and published in 1845. A former slave, the author recollects his passed life as a slave in the South and reveals the numerous the atrocities of the institution of slavery. The book is a recollection of the years spent as a constantly oppressed and humiliated slave. In such a way, his own experiences that Frederick Douglass narrates in the book tell us a lot about slave life in the nineteenth century. As Douglass notes, three or four hundred slaves in the plantation where he worked lived hard life full of constant hardships: they had their small allowance of food, and received around seven dollars in order to cover their bodies with clothes. There were even no beds for slaves to sleep on and they often slept all together on the floor in cold nights. When he was relocated to the city, Douglass was treated not very bad, which suggests better conditions of city slaves when compared to those in plantations. Most importantly, here he learned to read and write here, which was extremely important to Douglass. The young man perceived that literacy was his path towards freedom. It provided him with the hope not to die as a slave but spend several years being a free man. Interestingly, the autobiography can also be interpreted in lieu of the writerrs re-evaluation of the Christian beliefs on the subject of slavery. Sometimes, Douglass writing style reminds of the Biblical manner of narrative. Nevertheless, Christianity as presented by the author appears to be of dual nature when he reveals the hypocrisy of slave owners who call themselves Christians. The narrator refers to slaves as precious souls are to-day shut up in the prison-house of slavery (Douglass Garrison, 1845, p.70). He simply cannot understand how this universe can be ruled by a righteous God when so many suffering and injustice are around: and for what does he hold the thunders in his right hand, if not to smite the oppressor, and deliver the spoiled out of the hand of the spoiler? (Douglass Garrison, 1845, p.70). Douglass wonders why men and women are sold into slavery to build churches and children are sold to buy Bibles all for the glory of God and the good of souls! The slave auctioneerrs bell and the church-going bell chime in with each other, and the bitter cries of the heart-broken slave are drowned in the religious shouts of his pious master (Douglass Garrison, 1845, p.102). Besides, Douglass narrates his experience as a slave through the concepts of hierarchy and subordination. The author makes it clear that he understands how financial and social hierarchies work: when pointing out that it is very bad to be a slave and instantly ironically notes that being a slave to the more laborious poorer classes is even worse. Douglass further analyses Mr. Auldrs sarcastic idea on education and the hazards associated with it. For the owner, learning is very dangerous for the entire slave system: the man was convinced that even the best slave can be spoilt once s/he gets educated: A nigger should know nothing but to obey his master†to do as he is told to do. Learning would spoil the best nigger in the world. (Douglass Garrison, 1845, p.29). Even being an educated free man, Douglas mentions that as a former slave, he does not know an exact date of his birth. Nowadays, it is impossible to imagine how people can live without knowing when they were born. This confession also tells a lot about the atrocities of the institution of slavery in the nineteenth century, one group of people treated others as non-humans. Another proof that the narrator was treated not like a human being, but as an animal is the fact that he did not even have his own surname. Only after becoming a free person, he chose the surname Douglass for himself. Douglass worldview changed over time after becoming free, he did not express hatred towards slave owners but spoke of them in an objective way. Deeply impressed with his emotive speech, the anti-slavery society granted him a lectureship, and Douglass managed to publish his autobiography. Therefore, the suffering he endured did not make him cruel and hating person instead, Douglass became stronger and more resistant to the future hardships in his life. It is noteworthy that the narration hardly contains the speeches full of hatred since Douglass manages to distance himself from revenge. As an objective writer, Douglass tends to analyze his past in the tone of insight. Still, some scenes described by him are truly emotional and hard to read even for the contemporary reader: it is believed that a dozen slaves put to the lash is suffering is better than when an overseer is punished in the presence of slaves, for being at fault (Douglass Garrison, 1845, p.18). In conclusion, as an autobiographical book, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass comprises so much more than just a record of historical data and official account of events. While reading the book, the reader can picture the nineteenth century slavery and understand what it took the narrator to become a free man. It is hardly possible not to empathize with Douglass as the former slave. The very institution of slavery appears even more abominable, absurd, and cruel after reading this powerful anti-slavery tract. The life experience as a slave in the South was painful, but it made the narrator whom he became at the end, the symbol of humanrs persistence to gain freedom.

Water Rescue Techniques - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 595 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Rescuers should possess a broad range of skills in case of the water emergency. I have taught this lesson to colleges and scout students over many years. Water rescue techniques are skills used to save someone in trouble while in the water. Most of the individuals drown while others are watching not realizing that they are drowning. For scouts, it should be noted that the only accepted rescue attempt is reached and throw methods, â€Å"first of all, you should keep yourself safe.† It is weird to help someone, and in turn, you find yourself in trouble. I advised them that â€Å"if you are not sure of rescuing the victim, you better call for help rather than endangering yourself. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Water Rescue Techniques" essay for you Create order For my scout students, the following order should be followed in an attempt to save a victim. Reach If a scout notices a victim drowning in the pool of water, try to get him/ her using your arm or leg. If this does not work, look for a pole or stick available and try to reach out the victim and pull him/ her out safely. Take care not to hit the victim. During my internship at Georgia hotel, it happened that one of the tourists was drowning in a pool; there was no any rod or rope nearby. I tried to reach him by use of my hand or leg but failed since he was a bit far. At this point, I had to remove my jacket, enter into the water using cautious entry and throw the jacket on him while holding the other end. The jacket was used as an aid and helped to reach the victim quickly. Throw At this point, a rescue ring, a rope or anything that floats can be thrown to the victim and keep him/ her above water. These could be coolers, floaters or inflated tubes. This happens if the victim is too far to the effect of getting the rescue. When making a throw, the water currents, tides, the direction of the wind and the weight of the aid should be observed. Be careful not to hurt the victim when throwing hard materials. Swim If the above methods do not work, the rescuer should swim out towards the victim for rescue. This method is the last resort to be attempted. An individual should only do this to is trained in life-saving and swimming. It may be dangerous to a rescuer who is not familiar with the correct techniques. Non-contact rescue is a safer method compared to contact the rescue. Avoid direct contact with the victim. During my first days in training, my coach wanted to find out if I had an idea on how to rescue a drowning victim. I knew how to swim and rough ideas on how to get a victim out of the water. He took me to a swimming pool to demonstrate to other students on how to carry out rescues. He embraced cautious entry, swam swiftly and pretended to be drowning. With me being the life saver of the day, I quickly took off my clothing and dived towards the victim (coach); I gripped him and started to pull him towards the end. Unfortunately, he took hold of me firmly to the extent of not releasing me. This was a fatal clutch, and the casualty was dangerous. At first, I failed since I never observed cautious entry. I never took the time to look for land based rescues or non-contact rescues. Also, I was not aware of any defense mechanism in case the casualty reacted.

How Geography Shapes US Regional Weather

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The Advantages Of Online Advertising - 1312 Words

3.1 Advantages of Online Advertisement Better Targeting Targeting campaigns to a specific audience utilizing zip code, city, age or demographics ensures campaigns only reach highly qualified recipients. (Heindl, 2008) Achieve Specific Campaign Goals Online advertising enable advertisers to achieve specific campaign goals more strategically than traditional media. Advertisers can weigh creative by best performing, limit daily impressions through frequency caps and have better reach control by the advanced targeting capabilities offered online. (Heindl, 2008) Immediate Response Online advertising enables consumers to take immediate action in response to your message. Your audience is only one click away from the advertiser’s website to†¦show more content†¦Indeed the power of Internet has impact on the multitude of advertising formats. This can be seen from the numerous web tools such as banners, rich media, intertials, and interactive broadband commercials as seen on the websites nowadays. (Heindl, 2008) These are the multiple forms of online advertising tools used by advertisers over the time aiming towards developing exciting, interactive, eye catching advertisements that can draw consumers’ attention, at the same time increasing their brand or sales online. (Strauss and Frost, 1999) states that the Net’s big strength is direct response advertising where direct response leverages the Internet’s unique opportunity for two way communication with consumers. Placing advertising in this environment will grants advertises unique opportunity for in the element of interactivity. The interactive capabilities of ‘cyber ads’ offer key advantages for vendors to establish and maintain dialogues with customers 3.2 Disadvantages of Online Advertisement Even though there are many advantages for companies who advertise online, there are also some disadvantages involved. Disadvantages of advertising online include: measurement problems audience characteristics, web snarl, clutter, potential for deception, costs, limited production quality, poor reach and lack of Intrusiveness. (Heindl, 2008) Website needs a lot of planning and be carefully designed for its purpose which vary inShow MoreRelatedEssay on Advertising for Online Businesses1478 Words   |  6 PagesAdvertising for Online Businesses The internet is a huge business and its constant and significant growth attracts more and more businesses to be online. In 2004, online sales reached $117 billion (www.comscore.com with more than 812 million internet users (www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm). 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Today, Google,Read MoreBusiness And Consumer E Commerce873 Words   |  4 Pagesorder processing, protected electronic payment systems, while also offering online customer support which allow consumers to shop and purchase items in confidence (Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-business-to-consumer-e-commerce.htm). What are the types of Business to Consumer e-Commerce? There are different categories of B2C companies including direct sellers, online intermediaries, advertising-based models, community-based models, and fee-based models. Each type is quiteRead MoreEnvironmental Scan1557 Words   |  7 Pagesinternal and external environments and describe their internal and external environments. This assignment provides a brief overview on the competitive advantages of each identified company and what strategies these companies use. 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Night Study Questions - 2598 Words

English II: Night Study Questions 1. Dehumanization is the process by which the Nazis gradually reduced the Jews to little more than things which were a nuisance to them. Discuss at least three specific examples of events that occurred which dehumanized Eliezer, his father, or his fellow Jews. Dehumanization played a significant role throughout Elie Wiesels Night. In many historic references to the Holocaust the killing of the Jews were described as methodical and systematical(The Jewish Outreach Institute), though this is true, these heinous crimes were made even worse by the dehumanizing and appalling treatment and conditions that the Jews were put through. Here are some examples: The people of Sighet faced†¦show more content†¦Another reason the townspeople might not have moved was because they did not believe that Hitlers German regime could annihilate the whole Jewish population that is spread throughout so many nations. The townspeople of Sighet also could not comprehend how the Germans would extermina te them and with what means. They thought, This is the twentieth century, not the Middle Ages. Since the war seemed so far away the Jews of Sighet remained optimistic despite Moishe the Beadles warnings. To many of them, including Eliezers father, it was not worth liquidating their lives in Sighet to move to another country over the possibility of what Hitler promised. Even as the German army came closer and closer the townspeople did not believe the Germans would come that far for strategic and political reasons. 4. Discuss why Eliezer lied to Stein, his relative, about Stein’s family. Discuss whether or not you think he was morally right. When Stein, a forgotten relative, approached Eliezer and his father on their eight day of living in the concentration camp, Auschwitz, he wanted information on his wife and two kids whom Eliezers mother had corresponded with in the past. 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Hamlet Comparison Essay Movie vs. Play free essay sample

And the Academy Award for Being Over Dramatic Goes To†¦ Tony Robbins said, â€Å"To effectively communicate, we must realize that we are all different in the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our communication with others†. Shakespeare’s writing has had many different ways of being presented because people perceive it in different ways. Whether it is a literal representation or a spin, directors like to show viewers the way they perceive the text. In the movie version of Hamlet the director, Kenneth Branagh, wanted the viewers to find Shakespeare interesting and full of action and drama. Kenneth chose the right direction to go in to keep the audience’s attention but it did not show the true tragedy of Hamlet. The story of Hamlet is very depressing because many people are betrayed and die. Hamlet’s own uncle killed his father and married his mother. It is easy to feel sympathy for the characters that had lost people they loved; such as Hamlet and Ophelia but the movie did not show that emotion. The movie was too over the top to really show true emotion. All of the scenes were very dramatic and Hamlet’s character was one that was too overdone. Branagh chose to have Hamlet act extremely crazy but Shakespeare wrote Hamlet’s character as possibly being crazy but the reader does not know for certain. Although Kenneth did make the movie dramatic he did make right choices when showing certain themes such as hatred. He highlighted the hatred that Claudius had toward both Hamlets and he also made it known that Hamlet hated Claudius even though in the play it was not that apparent. Who is the man that lost his father? Is he a lost little puppy or is he a violent lion? In the play, Hamlet was a young man who was weak because he had been betrayed but the movie did not show that he was hurting and weak. The movie depicted his character as being arrogant. In the play Hamlet was depressed and hurting and he could not really function. In Act l Scene II Hamlet was degraded by Claudius. Claudius was telling Hamlet to stop grieving over his father and consider him as his new father. Claudius called Hamlet a girl by saying, â€Å"tis unmanly grief†. (pg. 18). Shakespeare made the women in Hamlet, Ophelia and Gertrude, seem very frail  and powerless and by having Claudius tell Hamlet that he was unmanly shows that Hamlet was acting like the women in the play. Hamlet was so weak that he would even let his mother who betrayed him keep him from continuing his studies in England. He told her, â€Å"I shall in all my best obey you, madam†. (pg. 18). Hamlet should not have listened to the woman who had hurt him even though she was his mother. Hamlet’s family had put him through so much pain. He was the first â€Å"emo† kid. He was very suicidal crying out,† Or that his Everlasting had not fix’d his canon â€Å"gainst self-slaughter†. (pg.  19) He was saying that if God did not see suicide as a sin he would kill himself. This proves that he was very depressed and nothing helped him ease the pain. It was very apparent in the play that Hamlet was unhappy but the movie did not depict him that way. In the film, he was very aggressive and outspoken. In the breakup scene Hamlet was very abusive towards Ophelia. He grabbed her and dragged her around. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet as being more hurt than angry during this scene but clearly the movie showed him as being angrier. A scene where he was being very outspoken was the scene where he put on the play. Shakespeare wrote the play scene as being very personal with only a few viewers but in the movie it was a full auditorium. This was perfect for how Hamlet acted during this scene because he made a big scene by running to the stage and pointing and shouting at Claudius. Hamlet wanted people to make the connection between the plot of the play with reality but in the play he was too scared to actually tell anyone about how his father really died. This is one scene that was actually better shown in the movie than in the play. Hamlet’s father wanted Hamlet to expose Claudius and get revenge. Kenneth Branagh made it seem like Hamlet was following his father’s orders even though in the play he wasn’t. This made the audience feel better about Hamlet because he was actually taking action. Although Kenneth’s version of Hamlet’s character took action it is not as tragic as Hamlet’s character in the play because by Hamlet not taking action it shows how sensitive and hurt he was. Hamlet’s father died a tragic death. Shakespeare never clearly states the atmosphere and setting of where Claudius poisoned his brother but Branagh chose a clever way to show it. The scene started off outside of the castle on a snowy day. King Hamlet was taking a nap in a chair when Claudius snuck up behind him. Claudius poured poison in the ear of the king and that is when Hamlet awoke from his sleep and started choking. He looked his brother in the eye and died. Kenneth really made it apparent how evil Claudius is. He watched his own brother die and he felt nothing. He made Claudius act the same way as Shakespeare wrote his character to be. Shakespeare had chosen to have Claudius tell the people of Denmark that Hamlet had been killed by a snake. The snake is a perfect symbol of Claudius. Ever since the beginning of time snakes have been viewed as evil because of the story of Adam and Eve. G-d told Adam and Eve to not eat the fruit from the tree of knowledge. While Adam was elsewhere a snake, the devil, came to Eve. He used his sly ways to convince Eve to eat the fruit and that is the reason she was banished from the Garden of Eden. Kenneth took the symbol of a snake one step further by making the scene take place on a snowy day. The snow was a symbol of Hamlet’s pure soul and the snake came up and took his soul. Claudius was truly evil and the act of being evil was what drove Hamlet. If Claudius was not an evil man Hamlet would have still been alive and the story of Hamlet would have never been written. The play of Hamlet depicted King Hamlet as being a soft, kind king but he was not shown that way in the movie when he came back as a ghost. It was a dark night when the ghost of Hamlet first interacted with his son. The ghost led Hamlet into a forest where he began to be very forceful with him. He was so scary that he even frightened his own son. The earth started shaking and the ghost started yelling. Kenneth chose a very stereotypical way to depict a ghost but in the play Shakespeare did not. Shakespeare wrote the king as only trying to tell Hamlet what happened and try to get his son to act on it. The play shows tragedy because it makes the ghost seem like he is the victim but in the movie all that is shown is hatred. The ghost does not seem to care about how his son is feeling in the movie, he only wants revenge on his brother. Can love really make a person crazy? Based off of Ophelia the answer would be yes. Ophelia had been put through so much. Men tried to control her every move. Her father and her brother told her to stay away from Hamlet even though she loved him dearly. They even used her to try to find out information about why Hamlet was going mad. Ophelia was probably overwhelmed with everything especially when the man she loved killed her father. After Hamlet killed Polonius in the movie, Ophelia turned into a crazy lady. The director even chose to have her in a straight jacket which is the definition of crazy. Now on the other hand the play does not directly show that Ophelia has gone mad. Depressed, yes but not mad. She said, â€Å"We must be patient. But I cannot choose but weep†. (pg. 104). So when she dies there is a question of whether she killed herself or if she just fell into the brook on accident. The movie and the play help answer this question differently. Since she seems depressed in the play she probably killed herself because that is what extremely depressed people do. A crazy person would not really think to kill themselves it would be more of the person that hates their life. The crazy Ophelia is more interesting but for the bigger picture a depressed Ophelia is the way to go because it truly is tragic. To even think that someone would kill themself over the two men that they loved is heartbreaking and a person committing suicide is more tragic than falling into a stream and drowning. No matter which way Ophelia actually died she died a martyr for female oppression. She had never truly been able to stand up for herself and when she died she made a crown of flowers. This symbolizes the crown of thorns that Jesus wore when he was crucified at the cross. Although Shakespeare had shown women as being weak in Hamlet, this symbol gives women hope because Jesus is a person who is remembered and worshiped. Hamlet is another character who seems more insane in the movie than in the play. In the play Shakespeare makes it known that Hamlet is going to act crazy. Right after Hamlet decided he was going to act crazy he went to Ophelia’s house. He grabbed her and touched her face and then he left. When he does this the reader knows that he is only pretending to be crazy. In the movie during the scene where Hamlet kills Polonius Hamlet is definitely being depicted as actually being insane. He stabs the curtain that Polonius was behind multiple times. Even when he finds out that it was Polonius and not Claudius he felt no sympathy. Kenneth made the theme of hatred very clear in this scene. Hamlet loved Ophelia but he was so angry that he did not let killing her father bother him. The question that comes up is whether or not Hamlet would have killed Polonius if he would have known the effect it would have on Ophelia. Both the play and the movie show that Hamlet probably would have not done this because he tries to prove his love for her. During act 5 scene 2 Hamlet discovers what had happened to Ophelia. He was at the grave that the gravedigger was digging up. Laertes revealed that it is Ophelia’s grave and Hamlet was in shock. Hamlet and Laertes started arguing over who loved her more. Hamlet says, â€Å"I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum†. (pg. 127). Shakespeare has a way with words especially when it comes to romance. The way that Hamlet spoke about his love for Ophelia is so heartbreaking. This is truly tragic because he had no control over Claudius killing his father but he was the one who was to blame for the woman he loved death. Fighting scenes in movies are expected to be packed with action and suspense. That is exactly what the director gave viewers of Hamlet. During the fencing scene Hamlet and Laertes were very dramatic. They made big movements and moved all about the castle. This scene in the play was written as if it was a small fencing match in a courtyard not in a huge castle with many spectators. Since this scene was very dramatic it made the viewer want to know what was going to happen next and there were many more exciting things to come. For one when Gertrude drank the poison it was a slow death but in the play all Gertrude said was, â€Å"No, no! The drink, the drink! -O my dear Hamlet! -The drink, the drink! I am poisoned. † and the she died. (pg. 140) Hamlet, Laertes, and Claudius died a slow death in the movie as well. Hamlet first kills Laertes by cutting him with the poisoned sword. It stops there in the play but in the movie Hamlet then pushes Laertes over the banister. This shows how much Hamlet hated Laertes for trying to kill him and siding with Claudius. The way that Laertes died in the play is more tragic though because Laertes died only because of the poison. This is tragic because Laertes basically killed himself. If he had not plotted against Hamlet he would have still been alive. In the movie and the play Claudius got what he deserved but the movie expanded on his death to show that Hamlet was no joke and that even though it took him ages to get revenge he finally did. Hamlet threw the sword straight through Claudius’ chest and pinned him to the throne. He then proceeds to push a chandelier on the Claudius. In the play that Hamlet made Claudius drink the poison after he stabbed him. The play made it seem as if he was simply going to hand it to him but in the movie he forces it down his throat. The director choosing to make the scene this way it kept the viewers’ attention but since all of the characters that died in the fencing scene died dramatically it takes the tragedy out of it. A more realistic death would be more tragic because the viewer could imagine that happening in real life. Mel Brooks said, â€Å"Tragedy is when I cut my finger. Comedy is when you fall into an open sewer and die. † The play of Hamlet shows true tragedy because it has a depth of emotion. There is love, hate, sadness, etc. The events that happen are shown in a way that moves readers. Characters are shown as being affected in a negative way. This is true for the movie as well but the affect that the characters have in the play have a deeper meaning. The play shows how hurtful people can be and how that harms innocent people. The more depressed a character is the more tragic because depression is something that readers can relate to. Even if a person isn’t clinically depressed everybody has had that low in their life that brought them down. Whether it was when they were five and their pet fish died or when they were fifty and their mother died people have had tragedies happen to them. The movie took the issue of death and emphasized the hatred that went along with it. Kenneth chose to have the characters be over the top, aggressive, and crazy. This is something that probably never happens that much in real life. Going back to the quote, a small pain can cause a big tragedy but when that pain is over dramatized it just becomes ridiculous. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Print. Branagh, Kenneth, dir. Hamlet. Prod. William Shakespeare. Film. 15 Mar 2013.

Collisions Lab Report free essay sample

Abstract :The purpose of the experiment is to explore elastic and inelastic collisions in order to study the conservation of momentum and energy. The guided track, carts, photogates , 250 g weight and picket fences were the primary components used in the procedural part of the experiment. Each experiment involved the use of the photogates and picket fences to measure the initial and final velocities of both carts when they collide. The data was collected and translated to a graphical model for further analysis. The experiment was repeated for elastic and inelastic collisions with varying masses. The calculations state that the percent discrepancies for inelastic collisions were 8. 75% and 19. 23 % for the equal mass and unequal mass respectively. The percent discrepancies for the equal and unequal mass elastic collisions were 22. 07% and 9. 78 % respectively. Both of the percent discrepancies for the collisions were close to the 10%-15% range which validates the concept of momentum conservation in inelastic and elastic collisions. In regards to conservation of energy, the calculations state that the percent discrepancies for inelastic collisions were 58. 33% and 81. 81% for the equal mass and unequal mass respectively. Both of the percent discrepancies were greater than 60% which indicates inelastic collisions are not as inefficient in conserving energy due to a loss in energy. The percent discrepancies for the equal and unequal mass elastic collisions were 36. 36% and 56. 25 % respectively. Both of the percent discrepancies for the elastic collisions were less than the percent discrepancies in inelastic collisions which validates the concept of energy conservation to be more efficient in elastic collisions. Introduction Objective: The principle of the experiment is to observe elastic and inelastic collisions to study the conservation of momentum and energy. Materials †¢Horizontal dynamics track †¢Collision and dynamics carts with picket fences †¢250 g Weight †¢Balance †¢Photogates connected to the Science Workshop interface Experimental Procedure The guided track, carts, photogates , 250 g weight and picket fences were the primary components used in the procedural part of the experiment. Each experiment involved the use of the photogates and picket fences to measure the initial and final velocities of both carts when they collide. The data was collected and translated to a graphical model for further analysis. The experiment was repeated for elastic and inelastic collisions with varying masses. Results: Inelastic collision m1=m2Inelastic collision m1 ? m2Elastic collision m1=m2Elastic collision m1 m2 Mass of cart 1 (kg)0. 26460. 26460. 26460. 2646 Mass of cart 2 (kg)0. 26460. 516780. 265230. 51678 Initial velocity of cart 1 (m/s)0. 303 +/- 2. 9e-40. 293 +/- 2. 2e-40. 292 +/- 3. 7e-40. 346 +/- 2. 1e-4 Initial velocity of cart 2 (m/s)0000 Final velocity of cart 1 (m/s)0. 143 +/- 4. 6e-40. 0890 +/- 4. 4e-40. 227 +/- 3. 1e-40. 160 +/- 3. 0e-4 Final velocity of cart 2 (m/s)1. 34 +/- 4. 0e-40. 0756 +/- 5. 2 e-400 pi? pKEi? KE Inelastic collision m1=m20. 08-0. 0070. 012-0. 007 Inelastic collision m1 ? m20. 078-0. 0150. 011-0. 009 Elastic collision m1=m20. 077-0. 0170. 011-0. 004 Elastic collision m1 m20. 092-0. 0090. 016-0. 009 Data Analysis 1. Momentum of cart 1 before collision †¢p1i=m1*v1i 2. Momentum of cart 2 before collision †¢p2i=m2*v2i 3. Momentum of the system before collision †¢pi=p1i + p2i 4. Momentum of cart 1 after collision †¢p1f=m1*v1f 5. Momentum of cart 2 after collision †¢p2f=m2*v2f 6. Momentum of system after collision †¢pf =p1f + p2f 7. Relative Change in total momentum of system †¢pf- pi 8. Kinetic energy of cart 1 before the collision- KE1i †¢KE1i=(1/2)*(m1)*( v1i)2 9. Kinetic energy of cart 2 before the collision- KE2i †¢KE2i=(1/2)*(m2)*( v2i)2 10. Kinetic energy of system before the collision- KEi †¢KE1i + KE2i 11. Kinetic energy of cart 1 after the collision- KE1f †¢KE1f=(1/2)*(m1)*( v1f)2 12. Kinetic energy of cart 2 after the collision- KE2f †¢KE2f=(1/2)*(m2)*( v2f)2 13. Kinetic energy of system after the collision- KEf †¢KE1f+ KE2f 14. Relative change in total kinetic energy †¢KEf -KEi Conservation of Momentum % Discrepancy=( |? p|/ pi)*100 Inelastic Collision m1=m2 †¢|-0. 007/0. 08| *100 = 8. 75 % Inelastic Collision m1 ? m2 †¢|-0. 015/0. 078| *100 = 19. 23 % Elastic Collision m1=m2 †¢|-0. 017/0. 077| *100 = 22. 07 % Elastic collision m1 m2 †¢|-0. 009/0. 092| *100 = 9. 78 % Conservation of Energy % Discrepancy= (|? KE|/ KEi)*100 Inelastic Collision m1=m2 †¢|-0. 007/0. 012| *100 = 58. 33 % Inelastic Collision m1 ? m2 †¢|-0. 009/0. 011| *100 = 81. 81 % Elastic Collision m1=m2 †¢|-0. 004/0. 011| *100 = 36. 36 % Elastic collision m1 m2 †¢|-0. 009/0. 016| *100 = 56. 25 % Discussion The purpose of the experiment was to investigate elastic and inelastic collisions to study the conservation of momentum and energy. The graphs generated in class demonstrate the relationship between position vs time which was used to measure the initial and final velocities of the collisions to later calculate momentum and kinetic energy. In regards to conservation of momentum, the percent discrepancy was calculated by dividing the change in momentum by the initial momentum of the system (|? p|/ pi*100). The calculations state that the percent discrepancies for inelastic collisions were 8. 75% and 19. 23 % for the equal mass and unequal mass respectively. Both of the percent discrepancies were close to the 10%-15% which indicates that the conservation of momentum is valid even with varying weights . The percent discrepancies for the equal and unequal mass elastic collisions were 22. 07% and 9. 78 % respectively. Both of the percent discrepancies for the elastic collisions were close to the 10%-15% range which validates the concept of momentum conservation in elastic collisions. In regards to conservation of energy, the percent discrepancy was calculated by dividing the change in energy by the initial energy of the system (|? KE|/ KEi*100). The calculations state that the percent discrepancies for inelastic collisions were 58. 33% and 81. 81% for the equal mass and mass respectively. Both of the percent discrepancies were greater than 60% which indicates inelastic collisions are not as inefficient in conserving energy. The percent discrepancies for the equal and unequal mass elastic collisions were 36. 36% and 56. 25 % respectively. Both of the percent discrepancies for the elastic collisions were less than the percent discrepancies in elastic collisions which validates the concept of energy conservation to be more efficient in elastic collisions. There can definitely be more room for improvement in the experiment. The experiment can have higher quality validation of results if multiple trials were performed or if the class data were to be compared and averaged. Performing the experiments under a vacuum and frictionless setting would remove external variables that affect the data leading to more precise numbers. More accurate percent discrepancies illustrating laws of conservation can be achieved by adding more trials and including more sophisticated measuring tools. These techniques would lead to more accurate results to reduce any experimental errors and to better validate the concepts of energy and momentum conservation. Conclusion The purpose of the experiment was to investigate simple elastic and inelastic collisions to study the conservation of momentum and energy concepts. The objective of the lab was met since the validity of the Law of Conservation of Momentum was confirmed by determining the relationship of energy and momentum conservation between inelastic and elastic collisions by utilizing percent discrepancy calculations. The calculations state that the percent discrepancies for inelastic collisions were 8. 75% and 19. 23 % for the equal mass and unequal mass respectively. The percent discrepancies for the equal and unequal mass elastic collisions were 22. 07% and 9. 78 % respectively. Both of the percent discrepancies for the elastic collisions were close to the 10%-15% range which validates the concept of momentum conservation in inelastic elastic collisions. In regards to conservation of energy, the calculations state that the percent discrepancies for inelastic collisions were 58. 33% and 81. 81% for the equal mass and mass respectively. Both of the percent discrepancies were greater than 60% which indicates inelastic collisions are not as inefficient in conserving energy. The percent discrepancies for the equal and unequal mass elastic collisions were 36. 36% and 56. 25 % respectively. Both of the percent discrepancies for the elastic collisions were less than the percent discrepancies in elastic collisions which validates the concept of energy conservation to be more efficient in elastic collisions. The data validates that the Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy hold true in all types of collisions.

How to Start a Spreadsheet Program Essay Sample

How to Start a Spreadsheet Program Essay SampleIf you are about to embark on a topic in college, the first thing you should do is to write an essay on how to start a spreadsheet program. This is an important topic, as a student needs to have an idea of how to create a spreadsheet program, so that he can eventually understand the subject in depth.It is commonly seen in many subjects, that a group of students use the spreadsheet to manage their transactions and also to see what the sum total of their achievements are. Usually, the student would create his own program for calculating things and then use it to help him achieve the goal of course. You should know how to start a spreadsheet program for this purpose as well.Start by searching the internet for a good sheet that can help you get started. Make sure that it can hold your attention and that you are comfortable with it. Once you have found the program, you can practice it in front of a whiteboard and see if you find it easy.In yo ur essay, start by mentioning what type of spreadsheet program you are going to use. After this, include some details about the program, such as its name, description, features, etc. To help you remember what you have written, mention it again later on in the essay.If you are able to start off on the right foot, the next part of the essay will become easier for you. Make sure that you can clearly state what you want your friends to learn from you. You need to provide the information about the reason you want to be an expert, and the particular goal you are aiming for.Start off by giving them some general information that they can easily relate to. Then, you can start off with your personal goal, which would be to help your friends understand your own personal goals.From here, you can continue by providing more information about the first two basic steps, which include what you are going to do, and the purpose you want to achieve. Keep in mind that your choice for a program will depe nd on what your needs are. For example, if you are not comfortable with word processing, you would have to switch to a more basic program.

A Christmas Carol Essay Example

A Christmas Carol Essay Example A Christmas Carol Paper A Christmas Carol Paper Essay Topic: A Christmas Carol With reference to the themes of wealth and poverty, what lessons do you think Charles Dickens wanted his audience to learn from the story of Scrooges changing character? Charles Dickens was using A Christmas Carol as an attempt to challenge his audience of rich contemporaries into action to combat the problem of the mistreatment of the poor in London at that time. Poverty at this time was rife in London. The penny-pinching, tight-fisted, upper and middle classes exploited the poor and underprivileged around them. Charles Dickens wished to change this with his novella A Christmas Carol. He wished to communicate to them the problems that the poor were facing and that they should be helped and not just put in poor houses and prisons to decrease the surplus population. He felt that the poor were being grossly mistreated and that his work will be able to get through to people as nothing else would. He hoped it would be widely read and would influence people especially at the time of Christmas as people tend to be kinder to their fellow human beings at that time of year. He wished to bring relief to the problems that the poor face day on day. Scrooge treats everyone disrespectfully and he is a misanthropist which is someone who hates people in general. The way that Dickens creates Scrooge brings the problem that Dickens is trying to solve to the attention of the reader and they immediately understand what Dickens is describing the problem as because of Scrooge. In the first stave the first person that Scrooge comes into contact with is his clerk Bob Cratchit who was a very under paid worker that Scrooge had employed. From the moment dickens describes the relationship between Scrooge and the clerk it is clear to the reader that Scrooge thinks he is superior to Cratchit because of the money that Scrooge has. Dickens quotes Scrooge had a very small fire, but the clerks fire was so very much smaller that it looked like one coal, but he couldnt replenish it, for Scrooge kept the coal box in his own room this is just one example of how Scrooge treats his clerk as he could not find the simple generosity inside him to give his hard working clerk some coal. Also when the clerk is leaving for the night on Christmas Eve he has a conversation with Mr Cratchit. Cratchit asks for the day off tomorrow which is Christmas Day and Scrooge is very reluctant to let him have the day off. Scrooge quotes; A poor excuse for picking a mans pocket every twenty-fifth of December! But I suppose you must have the whole day. Be here all the earlier next morning! This is an example of how badly treated Mr Cratchit is by Scrooge not only is he underpaid for how much hard work he puts in he also has only one holiday a year that even then his boss is reluctant to let him have the day off. This is Dickens being clever and using Cratchit to his advantage by making the reader feel sympathy for Cratchit by how Scrooge treats him so that Dickens can tell the reader through there relationship that the poor needed to be treated better or with more compassion. During the first stave Scrooge is visited by two charity collectors when he is at his place of work. This scene in the book is a key one because Scrooges actions during this scene are to some extent evil. The charity collector is asking whether Scrooge could donate some money to those who are not as wealthy as himself. Scrooge becomes tense during this scene and quotes; I wish to be left alone. Since you ask me what I wish, gentlemen, that is my answer. I dont make merry myself at Christmas, and I cant afford to make idle people merry. I help to support the establishments I have mentioned: they cost enough: and those who are badly off must go there. This quote is showing the reader how shockingly tight Scrooge is with his money and how unkind he is during a festive season of the year. The charity collector says that Many cant go there, many would rather die. This quote is supposed to make Scrooge feel a fragment of sympathy for these poor people but no Scrooge replies. If they would rather die they had better do it and decrease the surplus population. Besides excuse me I dont know that. This is an example of an evil quote from Scrooge and this is probably as dreadful as it gets. This quote is a key quote as it describes exactly how cold Scrooge is but also later on in the novel is used against him successfully. Also in the first stave Scrooge has a conversation with his nephew who is one of his only living relatives. The nephew is described as very warm and light an example of this is: He has so heated himself with rapid walking in the fog and frost, this nephew of Scrooges, that he was all in glow; his face was ruddy and handsome; his eyes sparkled, and his breath smoked again The words heated, glow and sparkled are key in this description as they work with the novel as the novel works through symbolism. Scrooge is associated with: Cold, Hard and Dark and his nephew is a contrast of this as he is described as Warm and Light.

The Chemistry of Photography1 essays

The Chemistry of Photography1 essays Photography is a very complex form of art, which uses standard chemicals and scientific equations. It is a chemical reaction, which occurs when light hits a film or paper emulsion. An emulsion is part of the film or paper, which is very sensitive to light. This is also the part where the chemical reaction takes place. In an emulsion, are small crystals of silver halide, silver bromide, silver chloride, or silver iodide [Eaton, George]. These chemical crystals react with light when it is passed through a camera, to create an image on paper [Foto Info]. The development of film production has a very simple chemical equation, most widely known as: This equation expresses how when any form of light is added to silver X, it creates silver plus the X [Mad Scientist]. In most cases, the AgX represents one of the compounds above. In the photographic process, there are three main chemicals used. These are the developer, the stop bath, and the fixer. The developer, or the reducer, is the chemical that completes the reaction with the light exposure, by reacting with the silver, to create metallic silver [Britannica Online]. This process is called reduction. Common reducers used are hydroquinone, phenidone, metol, pyro, and absorbic acid. If you combine two of these reducers, it creates superadditivity. Some common combinations are metol and hydroquinone, which produce MQ, or phenidone and hydroquinone, which produce PQ. [Foto Info] Each of the chemicals used in the developer have their own specific qualities and features. When hydroquinone is used alone, it can be a very slow reducer. When metol is used, it brings out detail very quickly. Phenidone is almost never used by itself. If it is combined with hydroquinone, it keeps detail, but at the same time, it increases contrast. If used alone, it is very fast but has low contrast. One of the less commonly used of these developers is pyro. T ...

The Feast of the Goat By Mario Vargas Llosa Research Paper

The Feast of the Goat By Mario Vargas Llosa - Research Paper Example Most of the Latin American countries assumed the authoritarian governance (Duiker and Spielvogel 732). One of the dictators during that time was General Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic. He ruled from 1930 to 1961 and used all means to acquire and gain more wealth even with the expense of the Dominicans. He controlled every aspect of the Dominican Republic and also controlled the economic resources of the country, which in return brought him personal wealth. Nonetheless, Trujillo’s regime ended, but the fear that it had inculcated in the minds of the Dominicans lingered longer. This was depicted during the stay of Mario Vargas Llosa in the country. In the span of eight months, Vargas Llosa witnessed the fear that Trujillo left to the Dominican Republic which inspired him to write The Feast of the Goat in 2000 (Vedovato 25; Kristal and King 212). 2.0 Mario Vargas Llosa Mario Vargas Llosa is considered as one of the most famous Latin American authors. His ability to inc orporate the past and present in his works affixes the reader from the beginning to the end. Vargas Llosa is considered as a keen observer of societal events and activities in relation to corruption of the government (Benson, Hellander, and Wlodarski 45). In addition, Vargas Llosa considered three life experiences that had brought him to writing his literary pieces. The first one is his experience of violence on the hands of his father, which brought him to distaste his relationship with him. He also considered his unpleasant experience at the military academy in Lima as a window in understanding the injustice and brutal acts of the party-colored under the military regime of General Odria during 1948 to 1956. The second life-changing experience that molded him was during the time when Heberto Padilla, a Cuban poet undergone a shameful trial. This was during the regime of Fidel Castro and was done in order for other leftist writers, like Vargas Llosa, to end their protest against the government. The turning point was when Vargas Llosa’s cowriters succumbed to the demand of Castro, and they left him. For this reason, Vargas Llosa decided to shift his literary genre to erotic and humorous novels. Lastly, the final turning point in Vargas Llosa’s life was when he ran for the presidency in Peru against Alberto Fujimori in 1990. He did not win during the election, but this did not upset him. According to him, he was saddened because of the fact that his fellow citizens chose another authoritarian to govern and lead them. Nonetheless, despite these experiences, he still has an interest in politics while adding that he considers himself as a liberal, and that he believes in every individual’s freedom. According to him, being a liberal is the freedom of a person to define his or her own nationality (Foley 3-4; Zapata 62). Aside from his political interests, Vargas Llosa is also concerned of the presence of political extremism in Latin America. This was also one of the reasons why he ran for the presidency because he was alarmed of the political extremism of the Right and Left. This has even been supplemented with violent movements by the Shining Path Socialist. Moreover, he also opposes the dictatorship of the nationalism of the Right and the collectivism of the Left. He strongly believes in democracy and freedom from which he declares himself as a liberal (Foley 4-5). 3.0 The Feast of the Goat 3.1 Genre and Theme The novel The Feast of the Goat by Vargas Llosa focuses on the theme of a society that is

The Methods of Anthropological Demography Assignment

The Methods of Anthropological Demography - Assignment Example On that note, the morning hours were most convenient. This implied that the study was to be performed during the morning session, from around eight o’clock to around one o’clock. The identification of this study period was based on the study patterns exhibited by the population. The students preferred to perform their study during the morning session and take a break by midday as they head for their midday meals. The senior populations also exhibited a preference of performing their study either in the morning or by the course of the day, especially from ten o’clock to twelve o’clock. The flow of traffic into the library facility offered a convenient opportunity to observe elements such as dress codes of the visiting members while a visit in the facility assisted in the identification of the rest of the behaviour. The evening session also provided an opportunity to study the behavioural patterns of the same population in the non-formal hours. WhoThe observ ation was based on the behaviours of the learning population who spend a significant proportion of their time in the facility. The observation focused on their mode of dressing of all the attendants of the facility. A comparison on the anticipated contrasts can be fetched from the variation of the population that will be visiting the facility. This ranges from the staff to the library attendants. Subsequently, the staff will vary from the staff assigned to ensure efficient flow of information across the facility and the staff assigned to ensure.... exhibited a preference of performing their study either in the morning or by the course of the day, especially from ten o’clock to twelve o’clock. The flow of traffic into the library facility offered a convenient opportunity to observe elements such as dress codes of the visiting members while a visit in the facility assisted in the identification of the rest of the behaviour. The evening session also provided an opportunity to study the behavioural patterns of the same population in the non-formal hours. Who The observation was based on the behaviours of the learning population who spend a significant proportion of their time in the facility. The observation focused on their mode of dressing of all the attendants of the facility. A comparison on the anticipated contrasts can be fetched from the variation of the population that will be visiting the facility. This ranges from the staff to the library attendants. Subsequently, the staff will vary from the staff assigned to ensure efficient flow of information across the facility and the staff assigned to ensure there exists a convenient platform for studies. Others will include, the staff who are assigned with the maintenance of the resources in the facility, as well as supplementary services. In a simplified model, these differences can be categorized as being exhibited between the employees and visitors of the facilities. With respect to the dressing code for the visitors, aspects such as a mode of logistic would be utilized to ensure their presence or access to the facility will contribute to their dressing. Those who walked would rarely compare to those who drove to the facility. Subsequently, the nature of the task that they intend to perform at the facility will determine the load that they will carry. This

Research Proposal On Threat To Auditors Independence Accounting Essay

Research Proposal On Threat To Auditors Independence Accounting Essay History reveals that audit is a Latin word meaning he hears. Auditing originated in those years when individuals entrusted with public funds were required to give an oral account of their handling of those funds. Porter (1997) An opinion of an independent chartered accountant is needed to give the public rest of mind that the sets of accounts presented were true and fair and also conform to lay down standards. Independence is the cornerstone of auditing; Stewart (1977) quoted by Porter. In carrying out the audit assignment, the auditors must be independent i.e. the sense of being self reliant and his/her professional judgement not being subordinated by the opinion of others. (Porter, 1997, p.65) It is very important for the auditors to be independent otherwise the audit report will be undermined and lose its value. In order to make the users of information to have faith and rely on the audited account, they must be sure that the audited accounts are independent of entity, its management and other interested party. This is reflected in the fundamental principles of external auditing- objectivity and independence which state that auditors are objective and they express opinion independently of the entity and its directors. As the guide to professional ethics statement (GPES) 1:201: integrity objectivity and independence explains, objectivity is essential for any professional person exercising professional judgement. Objectivity is sometimes described as independence of mind (Dunlea, A. Maclochlainn, N. p.19). However, it is possible to identify some threats to auditors independence. The provision of non-audit services by auditors to their client is referred to as a self-review threat to auditors independence. This is so because once an auditor of a company starts to provide non-audit services to its client e.g. computation of corporation tax matters and other financial services the auditor and the directors tend to develop a relationship and this may jeopardise the objectivity of the auditor (Woolf, E. 1997, p.11-14). The provision of non-audit service by auditors to their client is still a topical issue. The New Standards on Ethics issued in October, 2004 by Auditing Practices Board (APB), gave some exemptions to small companies on the provision of non-audit services. These exemptions can be found on APBs website- www.frc.org.org/apb. (Accountancy, 2005) My interest in auditing as my best subject and my future aspiration to become an auditor made me to choose this topic to assess the threats to auditors independence. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 1. To carry out a critical literature review to identify and assess the key threats to auditors independence. To examine the controversies on the provision of non-audit service. To carry out empirical research to establish the opinions of auditors on the provision of non-audit service, to know whether it can pose can a threat to auditors independence and objectivity. To draw a conclusion on the extent to which the provision of non-audit service does and is perceived to weaken the independence of auditors. 1.3 METHOD 1. Conduct a review of literature on auditing in relation to auditors independence and threat to auditors independence in order to develop research question. 2. A questionnaire will be developed with question based on the background and objective of the research. The questions in the questionnaire will seek to test the research question; does the provision of non-audit service, pose a threat to auditors independence? The questionnaire will be distributed to a sample of 20 auditing firms and 20 small sized businesses within Bolton, United Kingdom: In order to find out whether the how provision of non audit service poses a threat to auditors independence. Data analysis that will be used is percentage method and chart, to evaluate the effect of non audit service on auditors independence. 3. If required, conduct interviews with some auditors after the collation of questionnaire. TIMESCALE February 2005 Week 1-3, lectures on how to write good project and selection of research topic. March 1, 2005 Draft research proposal and individual tutorials. March 4, 2005 Submission of research proposal. March 2005 Literature review and clarification of research objectives. April 2005 Agree formal access to 20 auditing firms and businesses. April 2005 First draft of literature review, clarification of methodology and compilation, piloting and revision of questionnaire. April-May 2005 Administer questionnaires and collection of questionnaires. If required, conduct interviews. June 17, 2005 Submission of draft literature review, methodology and related documentation. July-September Analysis of primary/secondary data. 2005 October 2005 Further writing up and analysis. November25,2005 Draft completed including bibliography. January 13, 2006 Submission of final project report and logbook. (England, J. (2005) RESOURCES I have access to computer hardware and software. Access to auditing firms and businesses has been negotiated, subject to confirmation. I also have the finance required to pay all incidental cost as part of my course expenses. REFERENCES Dunlea, A. Maclochlainn, N. (1995) Auditing standards: A Quick Reference, Dublin, Ireland, Oak Trees Press. England, J. (2005),Lecture Materials on Accounting Theory and Practice, Department of Business Studies, University of Bolton, U.K. Porter, B. et. Al (1997) Principles of External Auditing. West Sussex, John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Sullivan, H. (2005), The Accountancy Magazine, February edition p.67. Woolf, E. (1997), Auditing Today, Essex, Prentice Hall. LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION Since the introduction of the auditing standard on independence, which requires auditors to be independent of the clients being audited, the maintenance of independence has become a critical issue for the accounting profession. Bartlett, R. W (1993, Online) The author sees independence in auditing as able to maintain an unbiased mental attitude in making decisions about audit work that one is to report upon. Independence in auditing context according to Bartlett, R. W. (1993), is the auditors ability to resist client pressure or/and the auditors ability to act with integrity and objectivity. Dunn, J. (1991, p.19), described independence as an attitude of mind characterised by integrity and an objective approach to professional work. Whittington and Pany, (1998, p.34) sees independence as, the ability to maintain an objective and impaired mental attitude throughout the audit assignment/ engagement. There is a general agreement that independence is an attitude of mind, which does not allow the viewpoints or conclusion of the corporate auditor to become reliant on or subordinate to the influence of pressures of conflicting interests; Lee (1993, p.98) quoted by Sherer, M. and Turley, S. (1997). For purposes of this research, independence will be separated into two related concepts of independence, which are; independence in fact and in appearance. Independence in fact is when an auditor displays independence in mental attitude when carrying out his statutory audit assignment. While independence in appearance simply means that the auditor should be seen as been independent in the publics view (shareholders, Potential investors). Public confidence would be impaired by evidence that independence was lacking, and/or when there is the existence of circumstances, which the public might believe, is likely to influence independence. The relationship that exists between the auditor and their client should be such that appears independent to the third party, Bartlett, R. W (1993). Whittington and Pany (1998, p.35) further state that, The requirement by the third party from the auditor is to give credibility to the audited financial statement. The concept of appearance of independence has been primarily concerned with identifying those situations in which a qualified Chartered Accountant might not be perceived to be independent. The mere perception that an auditor is not independent renders his report useless to the shareholders who wish to rely on it for decision-making purpose. Beattie, V. et al. (1999) stated that, The reality and perception of auditor independence is fundamental to public confidence in financial reporting. This work will identify and assess the key threat to auditors independence and concentrate on the provision of non-audit services. It will examine the controversies on the provision of non-audit services and establish the opinions of the public and auditors on such provisions. Finally a conclusion will be drawn on the extent to which provision of non-audit service does and is perceived to weaken the auditors independence. 2.1 ANALYSIS OF PRESENT SYSTEM A number of factors have been identified in textbooks, journals, articles, auditing standards and the publics view, which does affect auditors independence. Hussey, R. and Lan, G. (2001), identified some of the factors such as: the nature of the auditor-client relationship (Goldman and Barley, 1974), lack of strict auditing regulations, and competitive pressures leading to what has been termed predatory pricing or lowballing and the provision of non-audit services. Beattie and Fearnley, (1994), quoted by Hussey, R. and Lan, G. (2001), (Online). The auditing practice board(n.d) categories these threat as follows: Self interest threat, self review threat, management threat, advocacy threat, familiarity threat, and intimidation threat. Woolf, E. (1997, p.13), lists examples of threat to Auditors independence as follows: Undue dependence on a single audit client, overdue fees, litigation, external pressure or influence, family and other personal relationship, beneficial interest in shares (other investment) and trust, trustee investment in audit clients, voting on audit appointment, loans to and from client, receipt of hospitality or goods and services on preferential terms, and provision of non audit services to audit clients etc. Beattie, V. et al. (1999), stated the principal threat factors to independence relate to economic dependence and non-audit service provision. I have chosen to concentrate on how the provision of non-audit poses a threat to auditors independence, (Online). According to the Auditing standards guidelines (online, n.d.), non audit services comprises: Any engagement in which an audit firm provides professional services to an audit client other than pursuant to: the audit of financial statements; and those other roles which legislation or regulation specify can be performed by the auditors of the entity. An online source (n.d.) defined, non-audit service as, Those services that are permissible under applicable legislation and that are routine and recurring, do not impair the independence of the auditor, and are consistent with APB rules on external auditor independence. Other services that are rendered by auditors apart from auditing are: bookkeeping or other services related to the accounting records or financial statement, financial information systems design and implementation, actuarial services, internal audit outsourcing services, management functions, human resources, broker-dealer, investment adviser, legal services just to mention a few. (Online) The Authors research as indicated that over the years, there as been a growing dissatisfaction among investors and other users of financial statements about auditors provision of non-audit service. These services are perceived to weaken auditors independence when both audit work and non audit work are performed by the same audit firm to the same audit client. Barkess and Simnett, (1994), disagreed with the view, that the provision of non-audit service does impair auditors independence. They argued that there is no relationship between the level of other services and the type of audit report issued; hence they concluded that, the provision of other services by the external auditors to their clients does not compromise the independence of the external auditors. The accounting profession also disagreed about whether non-audit services impaired the performance of the audit and financial reporting process. Several auditors are of the opinion that, when they understand the factors that influence and improve the entitys performance, that they will be able to focus their audit on those critical issues. Others view provision of non audit service, as an impediment to independence because, in some cases, the fees from the provision of non-audit services are more than that of audit fees. If the income earned from provision of non audit service, is more than that of audit service, auditors have naturally tendencies to lose their independence, considering the cost of losing a client can be considerably more than simply the audit fees. The Securities Exchange Commission, in the United States of America, carried out a research in 1999 and discovered that: 4.6% of Big Five SEC audit client paid consulting fees in excess of audit fees. The SEC is concerned that the more the auditor has at stake in its dealing with the audit client, the greater the cost to the auditor should he or she displease the client, particularly when the non-audit service relationship has potential to generate significant revenue on top of the audit management. The SEC concluded that issue that impairs auditors objectivity are subtle and that certain non-audit services, when provided by the auditor do create inherent conflicts, (Online). In a situation where an auditor assists an audit client with their bookkeeping services, this places the auditor in the position of later having to audit his or her own work. It is rather unprofessional for the person who prepared the account to also audit the account. When such happen it is practically impossible to expect the auditor to be able to audit those same records with an objective eye. In the same vein, when an auditor performs certain valuation services for the audit client, can such auditor raise questions in line with valuation of assets at the end when auditing that same audit client? An auditor who has appraised an important client asset at a period during the year is less likely to question his or her own work at year-end. Various examples can be used to see how the provision of non-audit service will impair audit independence. An auditor who provides services in a way that is tantamount to accepting an appointment as an officer or employee of the audit client cannot be expected to be independent in auditing the financial consequences of managements decisions. An auditor who has also helped an audit client to negotiate the terms of employment for a new chief financial officer is less likely to bring quickly to the audit committee questions about the new CFOs performance. Considering the following examples of non audit services rendered by auditors to their audit client, it would be seen that such services not only impair auditors independence but also shows that the accounting profession is not prepared to provide the reasonable assurance that the public expects. Graeme, W.  (1994), carried out a further investigation on whether there is the potential for an appearance of auditor independence impairment when higher levels of non-audit services are provided to audit clients. He investigated this, by analyzing the audit reports for a sample of publicly listed companies over a 10 years period. The results of his analysis revealed that the auditors of companies not receiving an audit qualification of any type over the period derived a significantly higher proportion of their remuneration from non-audit services fees than the auditors of companies receiving at least one audit qualification, (Online) The result of his findings could suggest that auditors are less likely to qualify a given companys financial statements when higher levels of non-audit services fees are derived. Firth M. (1997) in his write up concluded that, the provision of non-audit services to audit clients does increase the economic bond between the auditor and client. This bond, he said, is perceived as impaired auditor independence (Beck, Frecka, and Solomon 1988b; DeBerg, Kaplan, and Pany 1991; Pany and Reckers 1983, 1984), quoted by Firth, M. Firth, M. further affirms this by given two reasons to believe that such service impair independence: The audit firm is unwilling to criticize the work done by its consultancy division, and secondly, the audit firm does not want to lose lucrative consultancy services provided to the audit client and is, therefore, more reluctant to disagree with managements interpretations of accounting matters. He concluded that, auditors disagreements with management could lead to a change of auditor, a move which implies not only a loss of audit fees but, in all probability, a loss of consultancy fees as well. (Online) On one hand, many practitioners (auditors) are adamant that their auditing firms are able to wear both the hats of auditor and consultant without reducing the effectiveness of either service (Burton, 1980; Carey and Doherty, 1966; Klion, 1978; Mednick, 1990) quoted by Bartlett, R. W. (1993). The supporters of the opinion that non-audit service does not impair auditors independence argue that independence is a quality of auditor professionalism which can have a range of values: like all attributes of professionalism, independence is a matter of degree. Those arguing that independence is impaired by combining consulting and auditing have assumed that independence must be absolute, while their opponents have recognized that independence is a matter of degree and have decided that the auditor can achieve the necessary degree of independence and act in the dual capacity of auditor and consultant. Carmichael and Swieringa (1968) quoted by Bartlett, R. W. (1993). Auditing Practice Board under the Accounting Standard Board maintained its stand that the provision of non-audit services to audit clients does reduce the public confidence in the independence of the auditor, Bartlett, R. W (1993). However, consideration was given to small entities. A small entity is defined for the purposes of ES-PASE as; As a company which is not a UK listed company or an affiliate thereof that meets two out of the following three criteria: turnover below  £5.6 million, balance sheet total below  £2.8 million and employees below 50. ES-PASE: Provides auditors of Small Entities with procedures as an alternative to the safeguards described in Ethical Standards 1- 5, in relation to threats to independence created when the auditors have a degree of economic dependence or where they provide non-audit services to their audit clients; Makes available exemptions to the auditors of Small Entities in relation to: The prohibition on auditors representing their clients at tax tribunals; The prohibition on auditors providing non-audit services, including tax and accountancy services, unless management is sufficiently informed to make independent judgements and decisions in relation to them. (APB, 2005 Online) http://www.frc.org.uk/apb/publications/pub0685.html 2.3 STRATEGY AND TECHNOLOGY In the USA, the General Accounting Officer (G.A.O.) did a graphical representation of both the permitted and prohibited audit work to audit client: The standard for non-audit services was said to employs two overarching principles: Audit organizations should not provide non-audit services that involve performing management functions or making management decisions; and Audit organizations should not audit their own work or provide non-audit services in situations where the non-audit services are significant to the subject matter of the audits. SEE the APPENDICE 2.3.1 for table of permitted Prohibited non- audit service TABLE 2.3.1 2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK The contention on the provision of non-audit service has been critically analysed. Different views of all stakeholders concerned with the provision of non-audit services to audit client have been examined. A logical conclusion has been drawn, as to the extent to which provision of non-audit service does and is perceived to weaken the auditors independence. The accounting profession has also reviewed the statement of Auditing Standard on auditors independence, knowing fully well that, without value in the auditor opinion, there would be no demand for audit service. Various proposals have been propounded for protecting auditors from the undue influence of directors and regarding the provision of non audit services. There have been many similarities with the proposals of Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland and the Board for Chartered Accountants in Business, in considering possible mechanisms to remedy the perceived weaknesses of regulations, practises on other audit services. They concern is to whether there should be a prohibition on firms undertaking work other than audit for their audit clients or whether there should be compulsory rotation of audit firms, after a fixed period of say anything between 5 and 12 years or whether the responsibility for the development of auditing standards and guidelines be distanced from the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales? The conclusions it reached were that to prohibit additional work or require compulsory rotation of audit firms would increase clients costs, reduce efficiency and place restrictions on the freedom of the client to make decisions on the services they desired. The Board was also opposed to the establishment of another body to control auditing practices. It argued that this would lead to a bureaucratic, inflexible framework without the advantage of the accumulated experience of the accounting profession. They came out with these conclusions as regards non-audit service that; Auditors should no more be allowed to undertake work other than audit work for the same client. They recommended that there should be compulsory rotation of audit firm after a fixed number of years. This will break any relation that might exist between auditor and company management and would also make the auditor to perform his job without been biased knowing that other auditor (firm) will come in after him (them). An audit can only be effective if the auditor is independent and is believed to be likely to report breaches of the contract between principals (shareholders and lenders) and agents (managers) (Fearnley Page, (1994), quoted by Hussey, R. and Lan, G. (2001) I agreed with what the accounting profession did by has establishing the categories of ethical standards by which the auditors must abide in order to avoid impairment of independence, Spindel, F.S. stated. REFERENCES Anon. (2005) Non -Audit services provided to audit clients ( Online) www.apb.org.uk/images/upload/document/acf1428.pdf (Date accessed 05/06/05) Anon. (2005), Auditing Practice Board: Ethical standard provisions available for small entities. http://www.frc.org.uk/apb/publications/pub0685.html (Date accessed 05/06/05) Anon. (n.d), Controversies on Provision of non audit service, http://www.sec.gov/rules/final/33-7919.htm (Date accessed 27/04/05) Anon. (n.d.) Audit and non audit services pre-approval policy, (Online) www.merrimacind.com/investors/auditpolicy.html (Date accessed 05/06/05 Bartlett, R. W. (1993), A scale of perceived independence: New evidence on an old concept, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, Vol.6,  Is.  2; Beattie, V. et al. (1999), Perceptions of auditor independence: U.K. evidence, Journal of International Accounting Auditing Taxation.  Greenwich: 1999.Vol.8,  Is.  1 Dunn, J. (1991), Auditing: Theory and Practice, , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom, Prentice Hall. Firth M. (1997), The provision of non-audit services by accounting firms to their audit clients, Contemporary Accounting Research,Vol.14,  Is.  2; Graeme, W.  (1994), Auditor independence, audit qualifications and the provision of non-audit services: A note Accounting and Finance.  Clayton, Vol.34,  Is.  1 Hussey, R. and Lan, G. (2001), An examination of auditor independence issues from the perspectives of U.K. finance directors, Journal of Business Ethics.  July Vol.32,  Is.  2. Reeves, C. (2002), How independent are the auditors? (Online) www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/analysis/2040727/indepedence-auditors (Date accessed 27/04/05) Sherer, M. and Turley, S. (1997) Current Issues in Auditing, London, Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd Spindel, F.S. (1989), Independence and non-audit services, (Online) www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/old/07086106.htm (Date accessed 27/04/05) Whittington, R. and Pany, K. (1998), Principles of Auditing, United States of America, Irwin McGraw-Hill. Woolf, E. (1997, p.13), Auditing Today, Essex, England, Prentice Hall, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. 3.1 INTRODUCTION England, J. (2005) defined Research Methodology as, A precise statement of how a researcher intends to achieve his research objectives and rationale for his choice of method. Research on the other hand, can be defined as an investigation into a matter to get a solution or answer to a particular subject matter or issue. Kumar, R. (1999) defined research as An undertaking within a framework of a set of philosophies using procedures, methods and techniques that have been tested valid and reliable and has been designed to be unbiased and objective to find out answers to a question. Research is a systematic investigation to find out answers to problems, Burns (1994; p.2) quoted by Kumar R defines research as, A systematic investigation into the study of materials, sources etc in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It is also an endeavour to discover new or collate old facts by the scientific study of a subject or by a course of critical investigation, Oxford English Language quoted by England, J. Research, according to Alison et al. (2001) is a systematic enquiry, which is reported in a form, which allow the research methods and the outcomes accessible to others. 3.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES After carrying out a literature review to collate data on the views of different authors on issue of provision of non audit services to audit client and how this is viewed to threaten auditors independence, a set of questions will be prepared. This is necessary so as to be able to have a wide range of auditors and entrepreneurs view on the subject matter. In order to obtain relevant information needed to achieve the objectives stated below, questionnaires will be delivered (sent) to twenty auditing firms and twenty small business entities: To carry out a critical literature review to identify and assess the key threats to auditors independence. To examine the controversies on the provision of non-audit service. To carry out empirical research to establish the opinions of auditors on the provision of non-audit service, to know whether it can pose a threat to auditors independence and objectivity. To draw a conclusion on the extent to which the provision of non-audit service does and is perceived to weaken the independence of auditors. 3.3 RESEARCH APPROACH 3.3.1 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY Blaikie, N. (2003) defined positivism as, the research that assumes that social reality is external to people involved and only the aspect that can be measured are regarded as relevant to research. Jackson, W. (1995) stated that research just like positivism relies on experiments, survey and secondary data, therefore my research philosophy is positivism based. The author will be using questionnaire which comes under the Survey category. 3.4 RESEARCH STRATEGY The deductive approach or research strategy will be used for this research because, sufficient materials (journals, articles, periodicals) are available to carry out a test on how the provision of non-audit service does and is perceived to weaken the independence of auditors. *The approach involves what?* There are different researches strategies ranging from Experiment, Survey, Case Study, Ethnography and Action Research but the Survey strategy will be used for this research. Survey strategy and questionnaire option are chosen under this category leaving behind the structured interview and observation. Kumar, R (1999, p.104) stated that sometimes information required to carry out a research are readily available but needed to be gathered / collected from different sources to get the clue to what one is trying to find out or achieve. To achieve the objective of this research as earlier stated above, questions will be tailored to answer the Research Objectives. Questionnaire was chosen because it allows the collection of data from a sizeable population i.e. twenty auditing firms and twenty small business entities as stated in the literature review. The delivery and collection questionnaire method is considered appropriate for this research. The questionnaire will be delivered in person to selected auditing firms and small business entities, asking them of a possible date of collection. This is chosen to be the best form of questionnaire method necessary to achieve the aim of the research, Saunders et al (2001) The author considered interview as another option to this research, but realised that time may be a limiting factor. It may be impossible to interview twenty auditing firms and small business entities because of time. The author also considered the convenience of answering the structured interview as respondents may be busy with other business matters on the day of interview. This may cause lack of concentration or simply not getting the best from the person interviewed. If time permits, additional information through interview would be gathered. This will be done by carefully selecting respondents from the questionnaire who are willing to supply more information on the subject matter and are ready to be interviewed, to assist in achieving the objective of the research. A question will be in the questionnaire asking whether respondent are willing to give further information to help achieve the research objective (Interview). Other research strategy or methods are considered in appropriate for this kind of research. ADVANTAGES OF QUESTIONNAIRE<