Being a nursing home administrator Essay

Being a nursing home administrator with in a nursing home, excellent communication is a necessity. Communication is how care providers determine the quality of care that is given and needed for the patients. By being a nursing home administrator, it is my job to make sure that the HIPPA rules and regulations are being used by all employees. By making sure that HIPPA rules and regulations are being upheld, the nursing home is providing quality care to the patients. When a change happens at a nursing home there can be confusion and conflict with everyone involved. While following the chain of command can be long and even boring, it is needed to keep the communication process smooth and effective. The chain of command does help reduce the risk of a communication breakdown. If a communication breakdown is developed it can cause commotion in any health care facility which could jeopardize everyone involved. With being the nursing home administrator, the first job that I would need to do i s have a full understanding of the new policies and procedures. I would need to know how the policies and procedures were put into place and how exactly this will affect the patient’s in the nursing home. In order to do this I would want to speak with the board members so my concerns could be addressed. In order to address these issues I could meet with the board members face to face, use social media, or by electronic communication. There are advantages to having traditional face to face meetings. The members are able to see my body language, facial expressions, and hear the tone of my voice while communicating my concerns. With the traditional meetings, it will also allow the board members to respond to my concerns right away with a limited amount of interruptions. While there are some advantages to having traditional meetings there are also some disadvantages. One issue could be misinterpretation on some of the available cues. Traditional meetings can be expensive and time consuming this is a disadvantage when the time and/or finances a re not available. Having a conference by electronic method is another way to communicate. The biggest advantage to electronic conferencing is the fact that it can be done on a global basis, no matter where a person is everyone can join together. Electronic conferences are best when all members attend at the same time but because it’s electronic the members can attend conferences at different times but during a certain time frame. With all members attending an electronic conference at the same time is known as  the synchronous method. When members attend conference at different times but within a certain time frame is known as the asynchronous method. The synchronous method allows real time communication and the asynchronous method does communication through emails. The synchronous method is best because it is real time and more effective. Electronic conferences are also less expensive and not as time consuming. Electronic conferences can also be recorded so they are available for future use. While emails and phone calls are good forms of communication it is not t he best for a conference. Communicating through computers and the internet has become a popular way for health care members. When it is done properly this way of communication can provide clear straight information that is understood by everyone. If it is not used properly, there can be a breakdown in communication and cause many problems. When social media is used properly it can provide many advantages and opportunities. Social media can reach a large amount of people, which means a wide connection within the community. Social media also allows a great way to support collaboration, better communication, and will also people around the globe to share and generate information. Facilities can also have an identity beyond the name and standard of care through social media. It also helps health care facilities reach out to the people of the community. A disadvantage of social media has been looked blindly upon by most members of the health care industry. When it comes to a patient’s privacy, HIPPA rules and regulations require proper procedures to be followed anytime a patient’s information is released. By being the nursing home administrator my job is to make sure that all of the patients who will be discharged have signed a consent form. The consent form would give our facility permission to release the patient’s health care information to other facilities with the hope of finding placement for that patient. HIPPA has very strict rules and guidelines to follow; the patient’s privacy must always be the priority and always be protected. It is the staff member’s responsibility to protect a patient’s information regardless on how the information is being transferred. The staff member can only allow the information to reach who it is meant for and only provide enough information to make proper accommodations for the patient. HIPPA has placed policies and procedures to protect patient’s information, when these rules are not strictly followed a privacy breach can occur. Also, when the HIPPA rules are  not followed patient’s information can get misplaced which will result in a patient not receiving proper quality care. It is a health care staff member’s job to make sure that every patient remains protected at all times. Today’s health care industry has many rules and regulations that have to be followed in order to protect the privacy of the patients. It is a facility’s responsibility to follow these rules and regulations to ensure a patient’s health and well-being. It is a high priority for immediate action to take place if the rules and regulations are not being followed to make sure that the patients are not at any risk. References: Sarringhuas, M. M. (Jul/Aug 2011). THE Great Divide: Social Media’s Role in Bridging Healthcare. Journal of Helathcare Management, 56(4), 235-244. Du Pre, A. (2005). Communication about health: Current Issues and perspectives (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.

Concept to Classroom: Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning Essay

In A Concept to Classroom: Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning, constructivism in a classroom setting is highly valued and is seen as an effective learning approach among students. Constructivism is a theory in which children are active in their own learning and take part in group discussions with their peers, as well as their teacher. A teacher in a constructivist-learning environment can simply ask a general question to his or her students and have them put their thinking caps on. This approach allows students to refer to what they already know, to form new ideas and possibly arrive with several solutions to a problem and finding answers to questions being asked. To begin, there are two types of classrooms that go about their learning approaches differently, due to their beliefs about how children learn. There is the traditional classroom where much of the content learned in the classroom is attained, but not necessarily discussed and then there is the constructivist classroom where children ask questions and their questions are an important part of their learning experience. In a traditional classroom it is likely that the teacher will leave students as they are and will be often seen working alone and using traditional learning materials, such as textbooks and workbooks; whereas in a constructivist classroom, children are working with one another and are engaging in hands on activities to help them better understand a subject matter. Furthermore, although these two approaches have its benefits and its setbacks, coming to a decision as to which approach to use, should be made according to preference and level of comfort. For example, there are some children that feel more comfortable working alone than they do working in groups and sometimes giving a child that option can reflect how he or she intakes new information and how well a child applies their knowledge. If a teacher for instance, is aware that a child performs better when working alone, than she would be more than likely to let that child work alone. A good teacher though, would suggest that the child work in a group even if at the end of the day the child chooses otherwise. As a teacher, it is important to keep in mind that not every student in his or her assigned classroom will be all on the same academic level. Whether taking the traditional idea as opposed to the constructivist idea or vice versa, learning is about finding common ground; a level of balance in the classroom. In any learning environment, the teacher as well as the child is bound to learn something. It can range simply from discovering a child’s biggest fear to learning the teacher’s favorite color. Children comprehend, work, respond, and learn at their own pace and should be given options and with that, the teacher learns about her pupils and his or her pupils learn from the teacher.

Epidemiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Epidemiology - Essay Example An archetypal epidemiologic question may entail the number of new cases of AIDS that were reported in relation to teenager in the American society in a given year. The estimates will demonstrate the occurrence of the disease and whether an increase or decrease is experienced in the age group. Epidemiology is a vital tool for the health and safety of communities, and the whole populace, as epidemiologists discover and measure events associated with health within a chosen population. As a result, the scientific field formulates various models of how an event occurs to develop a better understanding of the health events on an advanced level. In this case, the field is utilized as problem-solving process. For instance, the occurrence of an unknown virus within a population requires the expertise of epidemiologists to analyze its root causes. The analysis results in advanced knowledge about the virus and, as a result, its root causes are discovered, which proves beneficial in the prevention of a similar occurrence (Oleske, 2009). The scientific field is imperative to public health as it provides a basis for scrutinizing, prioritizing, and evaluating as well as developing public health activities and programs. Health programs are developed when need arises, and the field of epidemiology is beneficial in the assessment of needs. For instance, the scientific study answers question associated with current problems typifying a community and adequacy and accessibility of health services. In this context, epidemiology can be utilized as a health surveillance tool to assess the scope and frequency of potential health problems through surveys in order to evaluate the need for health programs (Smith, 2001). The realm of medicine requires more studies that analyze the various aspects of contemporary issues, because it is a human biology as well as a social science typified by rapid changes. Epidemiology is broad with enormous

Mini Case in Finance and Accounting Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mini in Finance and Accounting - Case Study Example The incremental cash flows constitute the marginal benefit from the project. Therefore, the incremental cash flows are the increased value to the firm from accepting the project. It is suitable to take the total free cash flow into account rather than taking the total profits. b. Cash flow items do not include depreciation. However, depreciation affects the cash flows at various levels on the life of the project as it has effects on taxes, which in turn impacts the cash flows (Business Accounting Guide). Depreciation comes under the expenses items and when the amount of depreciation incurred increases, the expenses also increase in proportion. On such a situation, the accounting profits get diminished. c. The sunk costs are ignored while assessing the capital budgeting proposal. The company as a whole concentrates only on the incremental after-tax cash flows, or free cash flows. The decision made on the investment at hand is not regarded as the sunk cost that would have already incur red. They are irrelevant and are not incremental cash flows and so they do not affect the determination of cash flows. d. The project’s initial cash outlay can be calculated by using the following formulae. Initial Cash Outlay = Cost of new plant & equipment + Cost of shipping & installation + Increase in working capital = $7,900,000+ $100,000+$100,000 = $8,100,000 e. The differential cash flows over the project’s life can be found out by adding Taxes to the amount of EBIT (Earning Before Interest and Taxes) and deducting the amount of Depreciation. The differential cash flows through the years are assessed as follows: Operating Cash Flow Statement Year 1 2 3 4 5 EBIT $6,500,000 $12,500,000 $14,900,000 $7,700,000 $2,900,000 Less: Taxes $2,210,000 $4,250,000 $5,066,000 $2,618,000 $986,000 Add: Depreciation $1,600,000 $1,600,000 $1,600,000 $1,600,000 $1,600,000 Differential (Operating) Cash Flows $5,890,000 $9,850,000 $11,434,000 $6,682,000 $3,514,000 f. The Terminal Cas h Flow means the cash flow that is accumulated at the end of the project life. It takes the net recovered value collected at the liquidation of the project into account. It consists of cash flow on account of the changes in net working capital but leaves out the operational cash flow from the previous year of the project. Usually, changes in the net working capital affect the cash inflow, which is the recovered amount of cash outflow taken into account at the starting of the project (Terminal Cash flow in capital budgeting decision, 2010). The Terminal Cash Flow is assessed using the following statement. Terminal Cash Flow = $5,914,000.00 Free Cash Flow Statement    1 2 3 4 5 Operating Cash Flow $ 5,890,000.00 $9,850,000.00 $11,434,000.00 $ 6,682,000.00 $ 3,514,000.00 Less: Change in Net Working Capital $ 2,000,000.00 $1,500,000.00 $ 600,000.00 $(1,800,000.00) $(2,400,000.00) Less: Change in Capital Spending $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - Free Cash Flow: $

What can every nurse do to influence policy that improves quality Essay

What can every nurse do to influence policy that improves quality - Essay Example Further emphasis should be on assimilating leadership concept and comprehensive business procedures across the program and around the field of clinical practice. The governmental and public-private healthcare policy making bodies at each level must have nursing representatives on their administrative management teams, boards, and in major leadership positions. This paper will illustrate ways in which nurses can influence policymaking at every level of the system. Nursing is placed to have a noteworthy influence in the healthcare structure. The degree of that influence is utterly reliant on the inclination of the career to cultivate the role aptitudes and leadership crucial to make a transformation in guaranteeing quality, reachable healthcare in a transformed and transmuting health structure (ANA, 2008). Nevertheless, it is without doubt that it is up to the nursing profession, and its frontrunners to establish the professional and political maturity. This will enable the profession to parley the compound setting of interdisciplinary cooperation; the tenacity of contrasting support positions; placing of nurses at major legislative, organizational, and policymaking boards; also stating nursing's valid part in decisions and actions that advance efficient quality healthcare. (Cherry & Trotter 2005). 1) To impact institutional policy, every nurse, regardless of setting or specialty, has expertise to contribute to the discussions focused on health care improvement. List Ways that nurses can contribute to the discussion focused on health care improvement. Nurses should demonstrate capabilities as the main players in the field of healthcare policymaking. Nurses must view policy as a thing they are obligated to fashion rather than something they have no control over. In inter-disciplinary healthcare environs, actual partnership necessitates assumption of complete responsibility. Nurses can influence institutional policy by coordinating, and leading endeavors that ident ify problems related to care improvement, waste, tracking quality enhancement, and achieving established goals. Another way that nurses can contribute in policymaking is by devising collaborative strategies that are indispensable to good practice (ANA, 2008). The modern healthcare environment is progressively interdependent hence; a new type of partnership-centered leadership is essential to reduce errors, improve patient outcomes, and influence staff involvement and satisfaction. By refining their inborn adaptive capacity to advance their ability to incorporate the continually changing healthcare dynamic, nurses can successfully engage others in transforming care. It is up to nurses to break historic perceptions, biases, gender references and inaccurate perceptions of nurses as those who perform the instructions of others (Cohen et al., 2003). 2) To impact local or community policies: List ways that nurses can contribute to the discussion focused on health care improvement There is a need for capable and strong leadership if the goal for transmuting healthcare is to be achieved. The nursing profession should have leaders at each level of the organization. Nurses should accept major leadership positions in politics, organizations, practice, and most importantly in policymaking. Nurses must display leadership capability, and high-level concerted skills as provisions for transformation and execution of health modification demand. These skills should display at each level and in every manner that influence the advancing potential for modern premium patient care. To influence local or communit

The freedom of the children and the sins of the fathers Essay

The freedom of the children and the sins of the fathers - Essay Example Given this dual nature, some good advice may generate bad results, and vice-versa. The point being that one truly never knows the outcome of what one does until one has done it, and given this uncertainty, one should hold individual freedom in a high regard, and furthermore, one should be cautious in the advice that one dispenses, because good intentions don't necessarily translate in good results. I think that Michael's father was thoroughly cautious in his advice. The essence of his message was of respect for free will, as well as of a warning at the entanglement of perspectives, ideas and half-truths that human interaction often consists of. A half truth is what happens not when one lies, but when one does not know the whole of the truth. And I believe that the nature of his advice implied that he knew more than his boisterous and passionate youth of a son. It's basically a matter of committed relativism. Maybe his father realized something that Michael could never have, being part of a younger generation, who never witnessed first-hand the horrors of Nazi Germany. Maybe his insight allowed him to fathom that maybe Hanna was seeking redemption trough punishment.

Relationships in trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Relationships in trade - Essay Example Since there is no direct governmental intervention, it would permit trading partners attain mutual gains from exchanging goods and services. As it has been defined by International Fair Trade Association (IFAT), â€Å"fair trade is a trading partnership based on dialogue, transparency and respect that seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers, especially in the south†. (www.wfto.com). Fair trade is of protectionist view which maintains a ‘people first’ policy and is backed by consumers through various non-profit organizations. Fair trade looks forward to achieve better justice in international trade by initiating reasonable changes in the current trade regulations. Its trading practices are entirely different from that of the conventional mode of trade. For instance, fair trade system works on the voluntary participation of producers, consumers, and companies based on a set of mutually accepted standards (Fair Trade Catholic Relief Services). On the other hand, the most important focus of the free trade is profit which usually goes to corporate giants. Hence, in order to create competitive advantages free trade firms seek alternatives for reducing the operation costs by moving from one region to other cost-effective locations. Unlike free trade, fair trade organizations maintain maximum direct relationship with the producers perhaps by giving them free or low interest credit (ibid). The common goods exchanged through fair trade include coffee, chocolate, clothing, and jewelry. Both fair trade and free trade have their own advantages and disadvantages. One of the major benefits of the fair trade is that it promotes eco-friendly farming practices and helps farmers and artisans gain opportunities for building their own business skills. Obviously the notable benefit of the free trade is that it allows us both

History of the Parthenon and its Barrier Breaking Architecture Essay

History of the Parthenon and its Barrier Breaking Architecture - Essay Example The building was designed by architects IKtinos and Kallikrates who included various sculptural decorations - both within and outside the temple thus making it the face of Athens. The elaborate designing of the monument is characterized by the use of coherence and harmony based on the foundation of mathematical calculations i.e. a ratio of 9: 4 where the length of the building was more than twice that of its width and the distance between the columns was more than twice their diameter (Belozerskaya and Lapatin 72). Figure 2: Plan of the Parthenon, 447 BC – 432 BC Source: Pedley, 2005: pp. 69 The 9:4 ratio used during construction was applied for plan i.e. length: width as well as for elevation. The key architectural style used was that commonly found in the construction of Doric temples which is indicated by the formula used for total number of columns i.e. eight peristyle columns on the front and back and seventeen columns (2x + 1) on the flank (Pedley 69). Due to its unique architectural design the Parthenon is unanimously acknowledged as a symbol of Greek democracy as well as one of the greatest cultural monuments in the world. Brief historical background: The Parthenon is believed to be built on huge platform similar in size to the new Parthenon as indicated by the large scale excavations carried out on the site, thus indicating that a similar building was sought to be constructed by the ancient Greeks on the same scale as the Parthenon. The pre-Parthenon or the older building which was believed to be destroyed by during the Persian invasion in 480 BC were found to have used marble columns drums which were destroyed by fire due to the pressure. These marble column drums were later re-used in the construction of the new Parthenon in the north wall of the Acropolis as a symbol of the great Greek sacrifice and loss endured by them. Similarly various other previously destroyed artifacts found as a part of excavation were used in the construction of the n ew Parthenon (Beard 103). Figure 3: The Parthenon View from the north west, 447 - 432 BC Source: Pedley, 2005: pp. 68 One of the key features of the Parthenon is that it has been built out of recycled materials. Researchers have found evidence regarding the re-use of old materials based on the existence of a small temple (naiskos) located at the Parthenon's north colonnade, in the area between the fifth and eight columns from the east side of the temple (see figure 4). It was believed that the shrine found on the location existed long before the Parthenon was built and that it could be a part of the older Parthenon (Neils 27). Historians have argued that contrary to the popular belief that the new Parthenon was built as a dedication to the patron goddess Athena, the temple was built as an anathema - "a votive offering, not in the honor of Athena but of her glory- seeking, democratic, imperial city". It was believed to uphold the democratic ideals of the Athenians and hence was dedic ated by the people to the people (Hurwit 166). The Parthenon was destroyed by the Turkish forces after a long siege resulting in conversion of the temple into a mosque. The Ottoman Turks completely transformed the Parthenon into a mosque by whitewashing the walls to cover the Christian frescoes; blocking the windows and the converting the Christian watch tower into a

Methods of Navigation in SAP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Methods of Navigation in SAP - Assignment Example It means that each order must be identified with a specific reference number that acts as an identification number for the transactions. It is different from a manual system in that the manual system such as SUA does not require the creation of reference alongside any sale order. Moreover, the manual system such as SUA does not rely on any specific order of making sales order. This format is beneficial to the company since it facilitates faster retrieval of information and reduces the time spent in searching for sales order in case of a high volume of transactions. In addition, the method helps link a sales order to various financial and administrative functions like customers and suppliers in the company (Cleveland 45). The document flow screen is used to indicate the movement of documents within an organization. It helps indicate the real-time location of a document within an organization thus reducing the complexity of sorting and storing documents. from an accounting perspective, post goods issue is any matter relating to goods after the transaction has been closed up. In addition, the accounting perspective states that when such matter arises it must be recorded as a bad debt when creating an invoice. SAP gives an alternative of providing credit checks through screen features that link credits to the due dates that have been set up by the organization. Moreover, the SAP provides for counter referencing to enable create a track on the credits due dates. Through an integrated financial and administrative functions of an organization, an SAP is capable of relating a wide variety of transactions to the general ledger accounts. This is done by linking the transactions to the general ledger in the transaction screen.

Consumer Behavior Essay Example for Free

Consumer Behavior Essay This section describes the roles of product appearance in the process of consumer evaluation and choice. For this aim, literature in the fields of product development, product design, consumer behavior, marketing, and human factors has been searched. The literature shows that the visual appearance of a product can influence consumer product evaluations and choice in several ways. Several authors considered the role of product or package appearance in consumer product evaluation or choice (Bloch, 1995; Garber, 1995; Garber et al. , 2000; Veryzer, 1993; Veryzer, 1995). However, they did not discuss explicitly the different ways in which appearance influences consumer choice and their respective implications for product design. In addition to these more recent contributions to the literature, the functions of a product in consumer–product interaction are described in earlier industrial design literature (Lo? bach, 1976; Pilditch, 1976; Schu? rer, 1971). Several of these functions concern product appearance. There are differences between authors in the number of roles (i. e. , functions) of product appearance they distinguish and the terms they use. For example, communication of ease of use was mentioned by Bloch (1995) and was described as part of the aesthetic function by Lo? bach (1976), while Veryzer (1995) called it the communicative function of a product appearance. If all the roles mentioned in the literature are considered as a whole, the following six roles of product appearance for consumers can be distinguished: (1) communication of aesthetic, (2) symbolic, (3) functional, and (4) ergonomic product information; (5) attention drawing; and (6) categorization. A description of these six roles and their implications for product design follows. Product Appearance and Aesthetic Product Value The aesthetic value of a product pertains to the pleasure derived from seeing the product, without consideration of utility (Holbrook, 1980). A consumer can value the ‘‘look’’ of a product purely for its own sake, as looking at something beautiful is rewarding in itself. When product alternatives are similar in functioning and price, consumers will prefer the one that appeals the most to them aesthetically (see, for example, Figure 1). Aesthetic responses are primarily emotional or feeling responses, and as such they are very personal (Bamossy et al. , 1983). Several researchers have tried to determine properties of products that are related to aesthetic appreciation. Innate preferences are proposed for visual organization principles, such as unity (i. e. , congruence in elements), proportion (e. g. , ‘‘the Golden Section’’), and symmetry (Hekkert, 1995; Muller, 2001; Veryzer, 1993; Veryzer and Hutchinson, 1998), and an inverted U-shaped relation is proposed between aestheticpreference and complexity (Berlyne, 1971). Another property influencing aesthetic judgments is color. The desirability of a color will change according to the object to which it is applied (e. g. , a car or a table) and with the style of the object (e. g. , modern or Georgian) (Whitfield and Wiltshire, 1983). In addition to (innate) preferences for certain properties of stimuli, prototypicality is found to influence the aesthetic response. Proto typicality is the degree to which something is representative of a category (see also the section about categorization). In several studies, evidence is found for a positive influence of visual prototypicality on aesthetic preference (Hekkert, 1995; Veryzer and Hutchinson, 1998; Whitfield and Slatter, 1979). According to Hekkert et al. (2003), products with an optimal combination of prototypicality and novelty are preferred aesthetically. As well as the product-related characteristics previously mentioned, there are cultural, social, and personal influences on design taste. For example, color preferences differ between cultures and in time (Whitfield and Wiltshire, 1983). In addition, personal factors, such as design acumen, prior experience, and personality influence the design taste of consumers (Bloch, 1995). The influence of an aesthetic judgment on product preference can be moderated by the perceived aesthetic fit of the product with other products the consumer owns, or his or her home interior (Bloch, 1995). Product Appearance and Symbolic Product Value Consumer goods carry and communicate symbolic meaning (McCracken, 1986). Symbolic value even can be the key determinant for product selection (Hirschman and Holbrook, 1982) and can account for the selection of products that clearly are inferior in their tangible characteristics (Levy, 1959). An example of the latter is Philippe Starck’s Juicy Salif lemon squeezer (Lloyd and Snelders, 2003). The choice for a specific product or brand may convey the kind of person someone is or wants to be; consumers use products to express their (ideal) self-image to themselves and to others (Belk, 1988; Landon, 1974; Sirgy, 1982; Solomon, 1983). Symbolic meaning can be attached to a product or brand on the basis of, among other things, advertising (McCracken, 1986), country of origin, or the kind of people using it (Sirgy, 1982). But the productitself also can communicate symbolic value in a more direct way, namely by its appearance. A product’s appearance communicates messages (Murdoch and Flurscheim, 1983), as it may look cheerful, boring, friendly, expensive, rude, or childish (see, for example, Figure 2). In addition, a certain style of appearance may evoke associations with a certain time or place (e. g. , the Fifties). Furthermore, the product or package appearance can reinforce the image of a brand, as the identity of a brand is expressed visually in the appearance of products (Schmitt and Simonson, 1997). Consumers may attach the meaning of a brand to elements of the physical appearance of products. In this way, a brand image may transfer to different kinds of products (see the section about categorization). Many companies therefore make consistent use of certain design elements, such as a color combination, a distinctive form element, or style. For example, car manufacturers often try to keep different car models recognizable as belonging to the same brand. The distinctive radiator grill of BMW automobiles is an example of a recognizable design element. The linking of brand meaning to elements of the product appearance will be easier when the associations these elements engender by themselves (e. g. , because they are innate or are determined by culture) correspond to the desired brand image. For example, use of bright colors and a large size, which is associated with aggression (Murdoch and Flurscheim, 1983), will make it easier to position a car brand as aggressive. Although there are large individual and time-specific differences in the experience of color and form, there are certain associations that seem to be relatively constant. Overviews of the influence of form and color on consumer perception of symbolic value (but also ergonomic and aesthetic value) can be found in Muller (2001), Murdoch and Flurscheim (1983), Schmitt and Simonson (1997), and Whitfield and Wiltshire (1983). For example, angular forms are associated with dynamism and masculinity, while roundness evokes softness and femininity (Schmitt and Simonson, 1997). Culture is an important determinant of the interpretations that consumers give and the associations they have with certain factors of a product’s appearance. For example, color associations vary from culture to culture (Whitfield and Wiltshire, 1983). In America and Europe, the color white stands for purity, and brides traditionally dress in white; in Japan itis a color of mourning. Furthermore, meaning is context dependent. The impression that colors give may change completely by combining certain colors (Muller, 2001). Also, the meaning of forms and colors may change in time, as meanings are continuously transformed by movements in art, fashion, etcetera (Muller, 2001). There is some debate about whether symbolic interpretation is part of the aesthetic experience. In most literature, aesthetic value is mentioned as botha hedonic impression and a result of interpretation and representation (Schmitt and Simonson, 1997; Vihma, 1995). It is acknowledged in this article that whether a product is conceived of as beautiful is affected by what it represents (Vihma, 1995). The same style can be considered ‘‘good taste’’ at one point in time, while being considered ‘‘bad taste’’ 10 years later, because the connotations associated with it or the interpretations given to it have changed. For example, orange was a modern color for clothes, furniture, and plastic products in the Seventies, generally was perceived as old-fashioned and ugly in the Eighties, and became used in products and clothing again in the Nineties. However, the view in this article is that aesthetic and symbolic value should be distinguished, as they may have opposite influences on preference. For example, someone who likes a colorful design may not buy it because it looks ‘‘too childish. ’’ Product Appearance and Functional Product Value

Learning Disability: Barriers to Effective Communication

Learning Disability: Barriers to Effective Communication Communication is the act or process of using words, sounds, or behaviours to express ideas, thoughts feelings, or exchange information (Merriam – Webster, 2014). People with learning disabilities die younger than other people (Heslop et al, 2013). The Independent Inquiry into Access to Healthcare for People with Learning Disabilities (Michael, 2008) followed the Mencap report Death by Indifference (2007). The report concluded that there are inherent risks in the care system that result in high levels of health needs not being met. The inquiry found that people with learning disabilities appear to receive less effective care and that there are many shortcomings in the way treatment is delivered, with avoidable suffering caused by untreated ill health. Effective communication is essential in ensuring high quality health care (Balandin Hemsley, 2008) and is an essential skill for nurses (Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC), 2007). Because communication difficulties are characteristic of people with learning disabilities, the nurse needs strategies that can be used to promote communication and understanding by removing barriers, and developing their skills and knowledge. Why ? Effective communication is a recurring and pervasive theme in government policies, reports and best practice guidelines (Turner, 2014). Good practice guidance on working with parents with a Learning Disability (Department of Health, 2007), the survey of the human rights of adults with learning disabilities, A life like any other? (Joint Committee on Human Rights, 2008) and valuing people now (Department of Health, 2009). In particular, A Life Any Other? highlights the ways in which barriers to communication can all too easily result in the human rights of people with learning disabilities being breached, unmet communication needs can restrict access to public services. For example, research commissioned by Mencap showed that, of 215 GPs interviewed, 75% had received no training to help them treat people with a learning disability (Taylor Nelson Sofres, 2004, cited in Mencap, 2004). Children with LD Regnard et al. (2007) found more than twenty changes in behaviour in children with learning disability when they encountered distress, and it is likely those who have no verbal language are likely to be more receptive to non-verbal communication (Tuffrey –Wijne McEnhill, 2008). It is therefore vitally important for professionals working directly with children to engage with them however possible. Adults with LD Difficulties with communication have been consistently reported as a barrier in supporting adults with learning disabilities at the end of life . HEALTH NEEDS A high People with learning disabilities are likely to need assistance in communication. It has estimated that there are 1.5 million people in the United Kingdom (UK) with learning disabilities and between 50% and 90% suffer from sensory loss (Eric et al, 2012). Most people with learning disabilities have greater health needs than those with no disabilities. They are also likely to die at a younger age (Mencap, 2007). A number of reports in recent years have shown that there are failings in accessing services and in providing appropriate treatment for people with learning disabilities( Equal Treatment: Closing the Gap(2006); Death by Indifference (2007)). A life like no other (2007), a report into services for people with a learning disability in England, found that adults with a learning disability are particularly vulnerable to breaches of their human rights in healthcare services. There is considerable evidence that people with learning disabilities are not receiving the same level of health care as other people. In the UK, there have been many documented examples of secondary health services causing te preventable death of people with learning disabilities, with contributory factors reported to include poor communication, a failure of heath service staff to recognise pain, delays in diagnosis and treatment, a lack of basic care, and the use of Do Not Resuscitate orders (Heslop et al., 2013; Mencap, 2012a). A UK based Confidential Inquiry into premature deaths of people with learning disabilities (Heslop et al., 2013) estimated that 37% of deaths were potentially avoidable. When people with learning disabilities use health services, staff may have difficulty in meeting their needs because they are unable to communicate effectively with them. A number of reports (Department of Health, 2008; Mencap, 2012; Royal College of Nursing, 2010) highlighted the communication complexity between patient and the staff which have resulted in some cases of deaths and poor quality hospital care. HISTORY A report from Mencap (2007), entitles Death by Indifference, highlights the poor treatment received by six people with learning disabilities admitted to acute adult and mental health service. This poor treatment ultimately led to these peoples’ deaths. The report goes as far to say that institutional discrimination exists within the National Health Service (NHS) towards people who have a learning disability with them getting worse health care than non-disables people. One of the major concerns raised by Mencap was the notion of diagnostic overshadowing. This is neglecting to recognise signs and symptoms of ill health assuming them to be characteristic of a person’s learning disability. Death by indifference In 2004, Mencap published Treat me Right, a report which highlighted the inequities of NHS healthcare provision to people with learning disabilities. This also highlighted that that healthcare professional should not depend on carers or family to communicate with service users with learning disabilities and hospitals must perform their legal duty of care. Healthcare providers are accountable to make sure that these service users have their needs met and this include an easy-read information in place. In 2006, the Disability Right Commission further emphasised concerns that people with learning disabilities were not afforded equitable access to healthcare services and treatment and as a consequence suffered more ill health and were more likely to die. In 2007, Mencap published Death by Indifference, a report which told the shocking stories of six people with learning disabilities who suffered potentially avoidable deaths while in various NHS healthcare service by improving communicati on. A subsequent independent inquiry (Micheal, 2008) and port by the Local Government Ombudsmen and Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsmen (2009) both confirmed that people with learning disabilities were consistently being placed at risk within primary and secondary healthcare services due to lack of and staff –patient communication http://www.ombudsman.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/1408/six-lives-part1-overview.pdf Death by Indifference (Mencap, 2007) attributed the unacceptable standards if care largely to an ignorance or apathy by nurses and other health professionals to understand and listen to their clients with learning disabilities. It is important that the individual is continually consulted about their care regardless of the extent of their learning disability. 74 deaths and counting (2012) The report by Mencap, 2012 relayed details of more potentially avoidable deaths of people with learning disabilities within NHS services. Reasonable adjustments The failure of public services to make reasonable adjustments regarding communication not only makes it extremely difficult for people with learning disabilities to access services, but it may also breach the Equality Act (2010) and Article 8 pf the European Convention on Human Rights (Micheal, 2008, p24). Poor communication with people who have learning disabilities has consequences that range from the relatively insignificant. For example a service user is given coffee when they would prefer tea. NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION Non-verbal communication is as important as verbal in interactions that influence dignity. For example, in a study of older people’s transitions (include older people with learning disabilities) between care service, Ellins et al. (2012) noted the following: ‘one of the most striking findings was that even the smallest gestures by providers to connect with somebody as a human being, such as a smile or a hug could make MAKATON The Makaton language programme is commonly used by people with learning disabilities. Many people with learning disabilities use speech, there are also a range of altranative methods of communication which can be used in conjunction with speech. Sign systems are used widely among people with learning disabilities, either alone or in conjunction with speech. One of the common systems is Makaton(Williams, 2009). However, Hannon (2003) found that no one at the hospital had heard of it. One of the people with a learning disability involved in the study said any of the health care professionals did not understand him. EASY READ Some people can benefit from written information being into an easy-read format. This involves the use of simple sentences and language and the use of photos or pictures to support the meaning of the written words. When producing written information for patients, it may be worth considering accessibility for patients who may be non-verbal or have a learning disability. An easy –to –read, information resource with picture and images and dew words can support people with learning disabilities to have a greater understanding of information and support their decision making. Talking Mats is ‘a visual framework that uses picture symbols to help people with a communication difficulty communicate more effectively’ (Murphy and Cameron 2005, p.3). Using pictures to represent topics and options and a visual scale with people with little or no speech and people who have difficulty in understanding speech can assist them to express their wishes about what will occur in their own life. Service providers, including case managers, can use this tool to help the person with disability consider and discuss a variety of options. The pictures are placed on a mat so that the person with disability can look at the options and choices available and then move them using the visual scale to indicate how they feel about each option. The visual scale might include symbols for liking something, for being unsure and for definitely not liking or wanting something. More complex visual scales can be created, depending on the person’s needs and abilities. Many people with a variety of disabilities use Talking Mats successfully. Nevertheless, there are some people for whom this system is not suitable. Murphy and Cameron (2005) suggested that to use Talking Mats successfully, the person using the mat must be able to recognise picture symbols and must be able to understand at least two keywords at a time. The person must also have a reliable way of confirming his or her views so that the case manager or service provider can be sure that the placement of pictures on the mat does in fact reflect the person’s views PERSON-CENTRED APPROCH Patient- or person- centred approaches to health are increasingly seen as more effi cient as they promote good communication between the clinician and patient but research to support this is lacking (Lewin et al., 2009). The Mental Capacity Act (2005) is based on person- centred principles and gives legal backing to previous guidelines for good practice (Mencap, 2010). It gives responsibility to all healthcare professionals to follow person- centred guidance in addressing issues of choice and consent in healthcare with the learning disabled. The key principles of this include the person being at the centre of any planning and discussion. This does not mean decisions are simply taken in their best interests but ways are sought to actively involve them in decision- making using accessible communication systems when necessary. McCaffery et al. (2010) argues that although there have been major advances in way to increase patient involvement in health decisions, with the benefits of greater involvement and shared decision-making now widely accepted, there has been little attention given to the development of tools and strategies to support participation of adults with lower literacy, who are members of a group with poor health knowledge, limited involvement in health decisions and poor health outcomes. McCaffery et al. (2010) proposed a framework to consider the different stages of shred health decision making and the tasks and skills required to achieve each stage. The 6cs In 2012, the Department of Health carried out a widespread consultation exercise on values for nurses, which were published in ‘Compassion in Practice: Nursing, Midwifery and Care staff: Our Vision and Strategy’. The vision is based around six values: care, compassion, competence, communication, courage and commitment. The vision aims to embed these values (the 6Cs) in all nursing, midwifery and caregiving settings throughout the NHS and social care to improve care for patients. Conclusion In conclusion, the author highlighted the importance and the barriers of communication when working with people with a learning disability, and the some communication methods that a learning disability nurses can use to work effectively with this client group. Good communication is the basis of effective care provision, and the value of developing a relationship and getting to know the individual demonstrates how this enables effective communication to take place. Health care professionals need to develop competencies in identifying individual communication needs, and developing creative ideas for how to overcome these, using a range of tools to aid communication. Person-centred approaches provide a framework to do this on an individual basis, enable and support people to make choices.

Sparta Vs Athens :: essays papers

Sparta Vs Athens In Ancient Greece there were two different major forms of government, Oligarchy and Democracy. The two city-states that best represent each form of government were Sparta (oligarchy) and Athens (democracy). The democratic government in Athens, though de cently equal, fair and fairly advanced for its time, did not meet the needs of the Greeks. During a time of many military battles Athens decided to worry more about comfort and culture. It is the oligarchy in Sparta that put a war-like attitude as it's first priority and best met the needs of Ancient Greece. The Athenian democratic government, which may have given the citizens in Greece more freedom, was not the best form of government at the time. The democracy in Athens cannot really be called a true democracy since there were several flaws in the governme nt and the way it worked. Only ten per cent of the total population of Athens actually had voting rights and all of these citizens were upper class men who were over thirty years old. Women, no matter what the class or age, were given no freedom at all. They were first owned by their fathers and then were passed from them to their husbands who then gave them nothing more than the responsibilities of managing the household and educating the children. During a meeting of the Assembly, a policy could be adopted and formed into a law but once the meeting of the assembly ended, the enforcement of that law was left in the hands of people who may not agree with that specific law. Also, a rule of the Assembly said that if a certa! in speaker became too powerful, he could be expelled from the country if given a majority vote by the Assembly. This rule could easily be abused and really infringed on the freedom of speech that most democracies have. The Assembly was made up of five hundred men who were chosen from a list of those who were eligible to serve on the council. Since most of the population was of a lower economic class, the time taken away from their normal work by serving on the Assembly lowered their earning potential , causing their already poor situation to worsen. Life may have been sophisticated and graceful in Athens but the Athenians were often mocked by opposing countries and other city-states for having no bravery, patriotism or courage. This was shown by the repeated attacks on Athens. If the Athenians had a more war-like

Narration in The Turn of the Screw Essay -- The Turn of the Screw Henr

Narration in The Turn of the Screw Henry James makes the governess the narrator because she keeps the readers’ interest by also being involved in the story as a main character. However, being involved on this personal level, it can make the governess exaggerate at times and be over-emotional. Her determined and curious nature makes her an ideal candidate to explore the mysterious happenings, however her imagination keeps the reader in suspense, as we are never sure how much she has exaggerated the story. This also adds tension as the full picture is never revealed. This choice of narrator is therefore challenged by Susan Hill’s description that a narrator should be ‘unimaginative and straightforward’ as the governess’ increasing exaggeration, hysteria and ambiguity make her less than straightforward. The governess’s character is established at the beginning of the novel when she meets the master. Her impressionability is displayed when he immediately charms her. She has little experience at being a governess as it says she is ‘The youngest of several daughters of a country parson’, which also indicates her simple country background. Her naivety also makes her very romantic and imaginative. James writes that she has ‘†¦come up to London from the country’ which hints that the governess is very determined and eager for the job. Her trusting nature is also revealed when she doesn’t question the master’s bizarre rule; ‘that she should never trouble him again.’ She doesn’t question him, as she is enthralled and under his spell, hinting at her infatuation. This also could mean that the narrative would be biased in his favour. The governess first sees Peter Quint at dusk in the first few weeks of her gove... ...ry tragic and ambiguous circumstances. It is very intense at the end, because it is just the governess and Miles, and the governess is trying to force a confession out of him. When he does confess, Peter Quint appears and the governess immediately tries to protect the boy, seeing herself locked in a battle of good versus evil, where she is good and Peter Quint is bad. There are also several alternative reasons for Miles’ death open for interpretation to the reader; either the governess smothered him, shock (from seeing Quint), or Quint is involved somehow. The line ‘Peter Quint- you devil’ is in addition ambiguous. Miles is either confessing that Peter Quint is a devil, or that he sees the governess as tormenting him. James ends the story in this way because it leaves the reader questioning how the boy died, and the narrator’s sanity is also questioned. Narration in The Turn of the Screw Essay -- The Turn of the Screw Henr Narration in The Turn of the Screw Henry James makes the governess the narrator because she keeps the readers’ interest by also being involved in the story as a main character. However, being involved on this personal level, it can make the governess exaggerate at times and be over-emotional. Her determined and curious nature makes her an ideal candidate to explore the mysterious happenings, however her imagination keeps the reader in suspense, as we are never sure how much she has exaggerated the story. This also adds tension as the full picture is never revealed. This choice of narrator is therefore challenged by Susan Hill’s description that a narrator should be ‘unimaginative and straightforward’ as the governess’ increasing exaggeration, hysteria and ambiguity make her less than straightforward. The governess’s character is established at the beginning of the novel when she meets the master. Her impressionability is displayed when he immediately charms her. She has little experience at being a governess as it says she is ‘The youngest of several daughters of a country parson’, which also indicates her simple country background. Her naivety also makes her very romantic and imaginative. James writes that she has ‘†¦come up to London from the country’ which hints that the governess is very determined and eager for the job. Her trusting nature is also revealed when she doesn’t question the master’s bizarre rule; ‘that she should never trouble him again.’ She doesn’t question him, as she is enthralled and under his spell, hinting at her infatuation. This also could mean that the narrative would be biased in his favour. The governess first sees Peter Quint at dusk in the first few weeks of her gove... ...ry tragic and ambiguous circumstances. It is very intense at the end, because it is just the governess and Miles, and the governess is trying to force a confession out of him. When he does confess, Peter Quint appears and the governess immediately tries to protect the boy, seeing herself locked in a battle of good versus evil, where she is good and Peter Quint is bad. There are also several alternative reasons for Miles’ death open for interpretation to the reader; either the governess smothered him, shock (from seeing Quint), or Quint is involved somehow. The line ‘Peter Quint- you devil’ is in addition ambiguous. Miles is either confessing that Peter Quint is a devil, or that he sees the governess as tormenting him. James ends the story in this way because it leaves the reader questioning how the boy died, and the narrator’s sanity is also questioned.

How Does Robert Louis Stevenson use literary techniques to illustrate E

How Does Robert Louis Stevenson use literary techniques to illustrate the social, historical and moral points he is trying to make in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde? Throughout the Novella, ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’, the author Robert Louis Stevenson uses a wide range of literary techniques in a skilful and sophisticated way to help achieve his effects and put his points across. Stevenson’s unique use of language is vital to the success of the Novella, with the structural and linguistic devices playing a vital part in creating the unusual atmosphere, which makes the Novella so successful. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde centres upon a conception of humanity as dual in nature, although the theme does not emerge fully until the last chapter, when the complete story of Jekyll – Hyde relationship is revealed. Robert Louis Stevenson had a very strict moral upbringing living in the nineteenth century, where class and social standing were very important in such a rigid system. The fact that he had such a religious background perhaps creates a link between the main moral point of good and evil and his disciplined religious upbringing, the bible teaching the importance of good and evil, and the seven deadly sins. He uses a variety of techniques to put across his views across on many social, historical and moral points. Throughout the novella the author gives the readers an insight into the morality of human nature by using different characters to represent the double standards of society in the Victorian era. The different language used for each of the main characters in the book is used to emphasise the character and their role in the Novella. Utterson, the lawyer, is described in the opening sentence of the book ‘cold, scanty, a... ...t that Stevenson had such a religious background perhaps creates a link between the main moral point of good and evil and his disciplined religious upbringing. This may have influenced him in his writing, (the bible teaching the importance of good and evil, and the seven deadly sins). The Gothic horror has been compared particularly to the detective fiction of Sherlock Holmes, with both works being written in the same period of the Victorian era. It is a testimony to Stevenson’s inventiveness as a writer that this novella has had this independent existence over a hundred years after the first book was published. Because of the uniqueness of the novella and the fact that such a wide range of literary techniques have been used, it is no surprise that, ‘the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’, is one of the most famous works of horror fiction of all time.

Analysis around Freuds view of the human mind Essay

This essay aims to discuss the key ideas behind Freud’s theories, including his model of the mind, psychosexual development, repression and cure through therapeutic techniques. Sigman Freud (1856 to 1939) was an Austrian physician, with an interest in the workings of the subconscious mind. â€Å"Freud spent his life trying to produce coherent a set of theories to explain all human behavioural, but never achieved his goal of one grand theory, (Benson, 1999, P48).  According to Freud, the mind has three levels of consciousness. The conscious equates to 1/7th of the mind, being ‘the awareness we have when awake.’ The pre-conscious, is a boundary containing memories of dreams, and causing slips of the tongue. Finally, the unconscious. Making up 6/7ths of the mind and containing ‘thoughts completely hidden and unavailable to us,’ (Benson, 1999, P47). Freud’s model divides the mind in to three parts: the Id, Ego and Superego. He believed that the first to develop was the Id, operating on the pleasure principle, in the unconscious mind. The Id ‘is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality,’ (Freud, 1933 p27). It drives a baby to seek pleasure, like ‘drink food warmth and comfort and avoid the unpleasureable, like hunger, being wet and cold†¦ The Id is selfish and ‘not concerned with social rules, but only with self gratification,’ (Cardwell et al, 1997 p549). The Id is made of two components. Benson (1999, P51) describes the first, Libido, as ‘the inborn energy we have that motivates us to survive.’ The second component, Freud named Thanatos, and described as the death instinct, expressed through aggression towards self and others. Cardwell et al (1997) explain that the Id’s discharge of energy and excitation without regard for consequence is known as primary proc ess thinking. At around two years old the human mind recognises the need to be realistic and plan for the future, rather than surviving on primary instinct. Thus the ego develops. Operating on the reality principle, it battles the Id for control of behaviour. Unlike the Id, the Ego has a partly conscious, secondary thought process. ‘The ego is still, however, essentially selfish, i.e. protecting the individual from harm,’ (Benson, 1999, p51). At around 3, we start to absorb influence from our parents and the Super Ego begins to develop. The Super Ego expands from our learned morals and the conventions of society. ‘Super means above – looking down and monitoring the â€Å"Id-Ego† Battle,’ (Benson, 1999, P52). Like the Ego, the Super Ego is partly conscious; however it is not selfish and considers others too. As it develops it becomes ‘our social conscience and guides us towards sociably acceptable behaviour.’ (Cardwell et al, 1997, p549).  Freud was responsible for modern society’s understanding of the effects childhood experiences can have on adult personalities. He split the childhood into five stages of psychosexual development. During the first, the Oral stage from 0 to 2 years, the only drive present is the Id. Focused on survival, the Id drives the baby to feed by suckling. Thus the mouth becomes the main source of pleasure. Benson (1999, p52) states that ‘through oral satisfaction the baby develops trust and an optimistic personality.’  From 2 to 3 years, the child becomes aware of its bowels and how to control them. Here begins the Anal Stage, as ‘the focus of gratification shifts to the anus†¦ aiding with potty training,’ a vital step to independence and survival, (Benson, 1999, P54). However, withholding elimination goes against the Id’s nature of random discharge without regard for consequence. This results in the requirement for an ego to develop, ‘and as such has important implications in the personality later in life,’ (Cardwell et al, p550, 1997). The phallic stage, from 3 to 5 years, starts when children become aware of sexual differences and become curious about their own genitals. Benson (1999) explains that boys will develop differently to girls from here on. Boys will develop Oedipus Complex and unconsciously experienced a sequence of sub stages. Firstly he will develop a strong desire for his mother. Then, after noticing the strong (sexual) bond between her and his father, he will become deeply jealous of his father and hate him. The boy’s fear of his father uncovering these thoughts instils a fear of the ultimate punishment, castration. The boy resolves that to avoid castration by pleasing his farther, and at the same time impress his mother, he must become like his father. This is called identification. Girls, having unconsciously concluded that they have already been castrated, do not develop the same fears. Though, ‘since their mother is the same, girls also end up identifying, i.e. adopting their mother’s morality and gender roles. This was always rather vague’ and known as the Electra Complex (Benson, 1999, p56).

Pride and Prejudice essay †a comparison of Elizabeth and Lydia Essay

Elizabeth Bennet is the second eldest of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet’s five daughters. Lydia is the youngest. The only thing these two siblings seem to have in common is their family. The girls contrast starkly. Lydia Bennet has a rather childish and fun loving disposition. She comes across as a little lacking in intelligence and her own father even goes as far as to call her ‘one of the silliest girls in the country.’ As well as saying that she is ‘silly and ignorant like other girls’. Elizabeth on the other hand is mature, kind, compassionate and rather more in her fathers favour than her younger sister. He seems particularly fond of his ‘little Lizzy’ and tells his wife that she ‘has something more of quickness than her sisters’. Throughout the novel the girls opposing personalities are demonstrated. Lydia’s flirtatious and frivolous ways are very apparent at the beginning of the novel through her behaviour towards the soldiers. Elizabeth’s wisdom shines through at the first ball in the novel, when she overhears Mr Darcy describing her to Mr Bingley as ‘tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me’. Elizabeth however takes this on the chin, and instead ridicules him by recounting the story to her friends and laughing at his rudeness and arrogance. Her conduct is admirable, a lesser girl would have been devastated to hear herself described in such an unflattering and uncomplimentary way, and in this instance we truly see her good manners and sense of maturity. Both Elizabeth and Lydia are confident and outspoken girls although in rather different ways. Lydia tends to say exactly what she thinks without much consideration, whereas Elizabeth’s words are always thoughtful and quick witted. Her observance and good sense make her mostly a consistently accurate judge of character. For example she recognises the inappropriate behaviour of some members of her family, like her mother and Lydia, and feels embarrassed. Also she realises Mr Collins unsuitability for her and refuses his proposal, despite it offering her notable financial stability. She also takes a dislike to Lady Catherine De Bourgh, regardless of her influential position, and stands up for herself and her family. However, in the case of Mr Wickham and Mr Darcy, her perception was originally misguided, but later she recognises her mistakes. Lydia on the other hand does not have such a sound sense of judgement. She believes that Wickham genuinely loves her and will marry her, when his intentions were only to elope with her. She was so gullible that she ran away with him and her only saving grace was Mr Darcy forcing Mr Wickham to enter into marriage with her. Lydia rushes headfirst into her affair with Wickham and claims to love him, although in reality she barely knows him. Elizabeth is completely different to her sister and by no means hurries into her romance with Mr Darcy. She demonstrates at several stages in the novel that she does not want a pretentious and shallow relationship or marriage for practicality, but wants to find a true love match. Her cousin Mr Collins is very admiring towards Elizabeth and asks for her hand in marriage. The acceptance of this proposal would have offered Elizabeth a sound life as Mr Collins had ‘a good house and very sufficient income’. But having no physical or mental attraction to the man, Elizabeth tells how, in regard to his proposals ‘it is impossible for me to do otherwise than decline them.’ Mr Darcy also asks for Elizabeth’s ‘acceptance of his hand.’ At the stage when he makes his first proposal to Elizabeth she believes him to have wronged Mr Wickham and feels a ‘deeply rooted dislike’ for him and so declines his proposal. In this instance she follows her heart, despite Mr Darcy earning ‘ten thousand a year’ and having a very respectable status and estate. Neither Lydia nor Elizabeth really conform to the expectations of the society that they live in. They are both different to the mould of average women of the setting, but in their own ways. Lydia is less discreet than her elder sister and certainly makes a name for herself with her flirtatious and attention seeking tendencies. She is only fifteen years of age and many people scorn her for socialising with men, attending balls and such like. Lady Catherine De Bourgh is a prime example of this and tells Elizabeth that it is ‘very odd’ Lydia being out at only fifteen years of age. Another far more scandalous way in which Lydia does not conform to the values of her society is her elopement with Wickham. She runs away with him to London without a single care for her family or the disgrace it might bring to their name. She believes all that he tells her unquestionably and is certainly very niaive. She is ignorant with regard to her family’s feelings and her actions outrage her father and cause her mother to be ‘taken ill immediately’. It places their home in ‘such confusion’ and forces Mr Darcy to pay out a substantial sum of money to the penniless Wickham. Lydia’s behaviour was not the norm and Elizabeth tells how her ‘conduct has been such as neither you, nor I, nor anybody can ever forget’ which implies that the elopement has tarnished the Bennett name lastingly. At the time the novel was written, women were expected to become ‘accomplished’ in things such as art, music and reading. Elizabeth is suitably talented at playing the piano and ‘has a good notion of fingering’ and Darcy tells how ‘no one admitted to the privilege of hearing’ her ‘can think of anything wanting.’ She is also ‘a great reader’ and so all in all is quite an accomplished girl. Lydia though does not, as far as I can tell, show much talent or interest in the areas of music and arts. She seems rather preoccupied with the soldiers in neighbouring Meryton, clothes, balls and gossip. Although Elizabeth is generally well liked and highly thought of, she does not completely live up to expectations in her society. As I have discussed previously she doesn’t, like most girls of the time, consider money an important enough reason to marry and hence refuses two marriage proposals. In this period, women were considered second class citizens in society, as equality had not yet been established between the sexes. This makes Elizabeth an even more remarkable character as she is by no means intimidated by Mr Darcy and is intelligent and assured enough to tease and mock him, questioning his actions and picking him up on his past wrongs. Her disposition is so confident that she has enough conviction to stand up for herself and express her views cleverly regardless of the company she is keeping. This is demonstrated when she stands her ground when confronted by Lady Catherine De Bourgh, telling her in no uncertain terms that her prospective marriage to Mr Darcy is none of her business. In the period that the novel was written, this would not have been considered acceptable conduct as Lady Catherine is of much higher social status than Elizabeth. Lady De Bourgh explains how she has ‘not been accustomed to language as this’ and goes on to ask Elizabeth – ‘do you know who I am?’ Elizabeth also causes a minor stir when she walks three miles from Longbourne to Netherfield. It was unusual for ‘ladies’ of the time to walk so far unaccompanied – they would usually have taken a carriage. This is a way in which Elizabeth takes a subtle stand and resolves to do as she pleases regardless of what people may think. Miss Bingley tells how Elizabeth seems to ‘show an abominable sort of conceited independence.’ The main character of the novel is Elizabeth Bennet and much of the story is portrayed through her eyes, leading the reader to favour her. She is the heroine of the novel and the main narrative is her story in particular. I think that Jane Austin meant for her to be a particularly likeable character, as she shows admirable and dignified conduct throughout. She is the sort of woman that many people would aspire to – she has intelligence, beauty, talent and is a kind and compassionate sort of person. She does not allow herself to simply be dictated to, but has the strength of personality to do and say as she sees fit, and for these reasons I think that she earns almost all readers approval. I do not think that Jane Austin intended us to approve of Lydia. Her behaviour certainly was not approved of by the characters in the book as she acted without any consideration for others. She was self centred, reckless and stupid. However, I do not think that Lydia is a bad character that we are meant to strongly dislike, but on the contrary, we are meant to be entertained by her antics. She adds a touch of scandal to the story making it all the more interesting and in the end it is her carelessness in not thinking before she speaks that lead to Elizabeth and Mr Darcy finally uniting. The two sisters are very different indeed and are both portrayed to opposite extremes. Elizabeth’s responsibility and great qualities are magnified by Lydia’s outrageous behaviour at the other end of the scale. I think that without Lydia’s character Elizabeth would not seem quite so exemplary, and without Elizabeth to live up to, Lydia would not seem such an immature and thoughtless character. I personally prefer Elizabeth and I think this is a feeling that most readers would share. I think she is an ideal role model who overcomes many obstacles to find truly deserved happiness in the story. Although I don’t particularly dislike Lydia, I think that she is a silly and annoying character who lacks all the inspiring qualities possessed by her older sister, Elizabeth Bennet.

Economics Commentary Essay

The collusive1 market structure that the Japanese traditional industry has traced over previous years has increasingly become to fail. The tendency of companies abandoning cross-shareholdings2 has generated a in deep economic loss resulting from a reduce in the total revenue of corporations in the country. The attempt of industries such as steel, paper and energy as well as car making companies and electronic firms3 to consolidate economic partnership through means of oligopoly, has decreased deliberately from 50% of the market values to 20% over the last 17 years. The benefits of share holding companies were determined in preceding times to maximize profits by jointly agreeing in a fixed price which will avoid â€Å"price wars† and therefore substantial revenues4. Also assuming the interdependent behaviors, cross-shareholding companies act together to establish high barriers of entry to the industry in order to preserve ascendancy and evade competitiveness to have a high indices of demand. As the extract mentions, there is a bought share between companies to prevent the overhaul of others and to regulate the number of firms within the market as it happened with Mitsubishi when 11 other companies had an acquisition of shares to â€Å"block the outsider†. As these companies were subdued to price controls of the industry, the demand curve will therefore be highly inelastic responding to the few amount of substitutes5 that the industry seeks to have in flow. However the concerns about the crumbling of the traditional tendency of cross-shareholding are given with the results in the change of behavior of the industry. Along with the abandonment of share holding companies, the industry becomes vulnerable to external entry and in the case of Japan foreign investments which increases competition. As there is increase in supply of same products, demand for products of individual firms will fall and the demand curve will shift to the left. Demand shifts to the left from D1 to D2 due to the increase in supply with the entry of new firms and the removal of a unique price of product in the whole industry. As the result in the shifting of the demand curve of any Japanese product prices of evidently reduce as shown in the previous figure. From P1, being the demand of a cross-holding alliance of the market, and P2 the consequent reduction of this model. Quantity produced also lessens from Q1 to Q2 as costs of production are directly proportional to the loss of profit6 with the diminishing prices. Due to price decline, total revenue also decreases as both quantity and price of products decrease considerately. The impacts of this phenomenon on Japanese economy is illustrated with losses of the questioned firms. Between March and September more than 160 shareholding companies lost a total of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 billion in value. 610 Banks and monetary institutions have also been affected as these companies are part of the essential capital they lend against. Despite the increase in cross-shareholding companies since 2004, the evident economic impact of the â€Å"criss-crossed capitalism† are starting to arise. The Japanese government in response has been working on regulatory measures to prevent this phenomenon future repercussions. Works Cited – * Economic Basis: Demand and Supply. In the internet: http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics3.asp, s.t. * Economic Basis: Monopolies, Oligopolies and Perfect Competition, s.t. In the internet: http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics6.asp, s.t. * Introduction to economics * WHITTEN, Darrel. Japan: Japan’s System Of Interlocking Shareholdings. In the internet: http://www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=24335, 2004. 1 A commonly accepted price determination of oligopolists to prevent competition of prices over similar products. 2 When to or more firms3 hold each other shares. 3 Institutions that employ production factors to produce and hence sell goods and services. 4 The resultant economic gains of multiplying the price of a good times the quantity of that good sold (TR=pxq). 5 Similar products with certain differentiations that determine price elasticity of demand. 6 Net income in gains of a businesses activity.

Marx on Wage and Capital

7 PAGES 3,380 WORDS Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. [3] Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism. This would emerge after a transitional period called the â€Å"dictatorship of the proletariat†: a period sometimes referred to as the â€Å"workers state† or â€Å"workers' democracy†. 4][5] In section one of The Communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process: We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchangedâ⠂¬ ¦ the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes†¦. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. 6] Marx argued for a systemic understanding of socio-economic change. He argued that the structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism: The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. —(_The Communist Manifesto_)[6] On the other hand, Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international working class: â€Å"Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence. [7] While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers' movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three p rincipal architects of modern social science. 8] Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. [3] Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism. This would emerge after a transitional period called the â€Å"dictatorship of the proletariat†: a period sometimes referred to as the â€Å"workers state† or â€Å"workers' democracy†. 4][5] In section one of The Communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process: We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal soc iety produced and exchanged†¦ the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes†¦. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as hey overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. [6] Marx argued for a systemic understanding of socio-economic change. He argued that the structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism: The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the b ourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. —(_The Communist Manifesto_)[6] On the other hand, Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international working class: â€Å"Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence. [7] While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers' movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science. 8] Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. [3] Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism. This would emerge after a transitional period called the â€Å"dictatorship of the proletariat†: a period sometimes referred to as the â€Å"workers state† or â€Å"workers' democracy†. 4][5] In section one of The Communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process: We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain s tage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal society produced and exchanged†¦ the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes†¦. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. 6] Marx argued for a systemic understanding of socio-economic change. He argued that the structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism: The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. —(_The Communist Manifesto_)[6] On the other hand, Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international working class: â€Å"Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence. [7] While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers' movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three p rincipal architects of modern social science. 8] Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. [3] Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism. This would emerge after a transitional period called the â€Å"dictatorship of the proletariat†: a period sometimes referred to as the â€Å"workers state† or â€Å"workers' democracy†. 4][5] In section one of The Communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process: We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal soc iety produced and exchanged†¦ the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes†¦. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. 6] Marx argued for a systemic understanding of socio-economic change. He argued that the structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism: The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. —(_The Communist Manifesto_)[6] On the other hand, Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international working class: â€Å"Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence. [7] While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers' movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three p rincipal architects of modern social science. 8] Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. [3] Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism. This would emerge after a transitional period called the â€Å"dictatorship of the proletariat†: a period sometimes referred to as the â€Å"workers state† or â€Å"workers' democracy†. 4][5] In section one of The Communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process: We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal soc iety produced and exchanged†¦ the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes†¦. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. 6] Marx argued for a systemic understanding of socio-economic change. He argued that the structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism: The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. —(_The Communist Manifesto_)[6] On the other hand, Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international working class: â€Å"Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence. [7] While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers' movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three p rincipal architects of modern social science. 8] Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction. [3] Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless, classless society called pure communism. This would emerge after a transitional period called the â€Å"dictatorship of the proletariat†: a period sometimes referred to as the â€Å"workers state† or â€Å"workers' democracy†. 4][5] In section one of The Communist Manifesto Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process: We see then: the means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were generated in feudal society. At a certain stage in the development of these means of production and of exchange, the conditions under which feudal soc iety produced and exchanged†¦ the feudal relations of property became no longer compatible with the already developed productive forces; they became so many fetters. They had to be burst asunder; they were burst asunder. Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class. A similar movement is going on before our own eyes†¦. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring order into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. 6] Marx argued for a systemic understanding of socio-economic change. He argued that the structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism: The development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable. —(_The Communist Manifesto_)[6] On the other hand, Marx argued that socio-economic change occurred through organized revolutionary action. He argued that capitalism will end through the organized actions of an international working class: â€Å"Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality will have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence. [7] While Marx remained a relatively obscure figure in his own lifetime, his ideas and the ideology of Marxism began to exert a major influence on workers' movements shortly after his death. This influence gained added impetus with the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian October Revolution in 1917, and few parts of the world remained significantly untouched by Marxian ideas in the course of the twentieth century. Marx is typically cited, with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber, as one of the three p rincipal architects of modern social science. [8]